近日，環境保護部印發了《“十三五”環(huan)境監測(ce)質量管理工(gong)作方案(an)》，為“十三五”時期環境監測質量管理工作提供了基本遵循。作為“十三五”工作方案的附件，同時印發了《關(guan)于加強環境(jing)空(kong)氣自動監(jian)測質量(liang)管理的工作方案》，明確了(le)“十三(san)五”期間環境(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)自動(dong)監(jian)測(ce)質量管理總體思路和(he)重點任務，是規(gui)范全國各級環境(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)自動(dong)監(jian)測(ce)和(he)運維機構(gou)監(jian)測(ce)行為/保證監(jian)測(ce)數據質量的專項指導性文件，引起了(le)廣泛關注和(he)討(tao)論。

　　為使各界深入了(le)解其出(chu)臺(tai)的背景、主要內容和具體實施(shi)要求等，記者采訪了(le)環(huan)境保護部(bu)環(huan)境監測司有關負責人，對此進行詳細解讀(du)。

　　問：當(dang)前(qian)，在深化環(huan)境監測(ce)(ce)體制(zhi)機制(zhi)改革，實行省以下(xia)環(huan)保(bao)(bao)部門(men)監測(ce)(ce)垂直管理，明晰國家和地方(fang)(fang)(fang)監測(ce)(ce)事權(quan)的(de)大(da)背景下(xia)，環(huan)保(bao)(bao)部出臺(tai)《“十三五”環(huan)境監測(ce)(ce)質量管理工(gong)(gong)作方(fang)(fang)(fang)案》(以下(xia)簡(jian)稱“十三五”工(gong)(gong)作方(fang)(fang)(fang)案)和《關于加強(qiang)環(huan)境空(kong)氣(qi)自動(dong)監測(ce)(ce)質量管理的(de)工(gong)(gong)作方(fang)(fang)(fang)案》(以下(xia)簡(jian)稱《空(kong)氣(qi)自動(dong)監測(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)作方(fang)(fang)(fang)案》)，主要考慮是什么?請(qing)您介紹(shao)一下(xia)兩套方(fang)(fang)(fang)案出臺(tai)的(de)背景。

　　答：環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測是環(huan)(huan)境(jing)管(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)科(ke)學決(jue)策的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)基礎，是評價考核各級政府改善環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質量、治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)污(wu)染成效的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)依據。“十三(san)五(wu)”期(qi)間，是我國以改善環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質量為(wei)重點，打(da)好大(da)氣、水、土壤污(wu)染防治(zhi)(zhi)三(san)大(da)攻(gong)堅戰役的(de)(de)(de)關鍵期(qi)。人民群(qun)眾的(de)(de)(de)期(qi)盼，環(huan)(huan)境(jing)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)客觀需求(qiu)，要(yao)求(qiu)環(huan)(huan)保系(xi)(xi)統要(yao)加(jia)快構建科(ke)學先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)，充分(fen)發揮環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測對環(huan)(huan)境(jing)管(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)科(ke)學決(jue)策的(de)(de)(de)支撐作(zuo)用(yong)，提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)測數據產品更加(jia)豐富、科(ke)學、準確、及時(shi)(shi)。同時(shi)(shi)，政府治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)和(he)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)現代化也(ye)要(yao)求(qiu)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測要(yao)不斷地創新管(guan)理(li)(li)思路、管(guan)理(li)(li)方法和(he)管(guan)理(li)(li)手段(duan)，提高(gao)政府履(lv)職能力(li)和(he)服(fu)務水平。

　　環境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質量管(guan)(guan)理是環境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)生(sheng)命線。習近平(ping)總書(shu)記對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)態(tai)文明建設(she)和環境(jing)(jing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)提出(chu)一系列(lie)新(xin)思想、新(xin)論(lun)斷、新(xin)要求，在今(jin)年8月(yue)視察青海時明確指出(chu)，要把建好(hao)用好(hao)生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)網絡這(zhe)項基(ji)礎工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)做好(hao)。李克強總理、張高(gao)麗副總理等國務院領導同志(zhi)多(duo)次就建設(she)環境(jing)(jing)空氣(qi)和水(shui)環境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)網絡、保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)(ju)真(zhen)實可靠作(zuo)出(chu)重要批示。環境(jing)(jing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)部(bu)陳吉寧部(bu)長、翟青副部(bu)長、趙英(ying)民副部(bu)長等高(gao)度重視環境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)(ju)質量工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，多(duo)次強調“要像對(dui)(dui)待生(sheng)命一樣對(dui)(dui)待監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)(ju)質量，確保(bao)(bao)數據(ju)(ju)真(zhen)實準確”、“保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)(ju)真(zhen)實可靠是監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)底線，絕對(dui)(dui)不能碰”，對(dui)(dui)環境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質量管(guan)(guan)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)提出(chu)了明確要求。

　　自(zi)2012年(nian)新《環(huan)境空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣質量(liang)標(biao)準》(GB3095-2012)頒(ban)布實(shi)(shi)施以來，全國(guo)(guo)338個(ge)地(di)級(ji)及以上(shang)城市已(yi)建成(cheng)1436個(ge)國(guo)(guo)家城市環(huan)境空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣自(zi)動監(jian)(jian)測(ce)站，實(shi)(shi)現了(le)環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數據(ju)一點多發(fa)(城市、省、國(guo)(guo)家)、實(shi)(shi)時傳輸，實(shi)(shi)時向社會公開發(fa)布。監(jian)(jian)測(ce)項目包括(kuo)SO2、NO2、CO、O3、PM10、PM2.5等6項指標(biao)。此外，大(da)部分省(區、市)也建有地(di)方環(huan)境空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣自(zi)動監(jian)(jian)測(ce)站，形成(cheng)了(le)國(guo)(guo)家和地(di)方兩級(ji)的環(huan)境空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣質量(liang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)網絡，為考核地(di)方環(huan)境空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣質量(liang)、大(da)氣污染治理成(cheng)效提供了(le)重要依據(ju)。

　　隨著(zhu)國(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監測(ce)體(ti)制機制改(gai)革的(de)深化、國(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監測(ce)事(shi)權(quan)的(de)上收，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)監測(ce)質(zhi)量管(guan)理(li)也面(mian)臨著(zhu)許多新(xin)情(qing)況新(xin)問題。一是按照國(guo)家(jia)要求(qiu)，到2016年(nian)11月(yue)底，國(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量自動(dong)(dong)(dong)監測(ce)事(shi)權(quan)由過去地(di)方環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監測(ce)機構負(fu)責，全部上收至國(guo)家(jia)，1436個國(guo)控站(zhan)點全部由中國(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監測(ce)總站(zhan)直接管(guan)理(li)，并委托社會監測(ce)機構運行維護，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)監測(ce)管(guan)理(li)的(de)體(ti)制機制發生(sheng)了(le)重大改(gai)變，相(xiang)應的(de)質(zhi)量管(guan)理(li)方式(shi)也需要隨之變化。二(er)是與(yu)手(shou)工監測(ce)相(xiang)比，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)監測(ce)起步(bu)較晚，發展(zhan)較快，目前的(de)監測(ce)標準(zhun)和技術規范體(ti)系、監測(ce)質(zhi)量管(guan)理(li)體(ti)系尚(shang)不(bu)完全滿足環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)監測(ce)的(de)需求(qiu)，亟(ji)須進一步(bu)完善(shan)和健全。三是2017年(nian)是大氣(qi)(qi)污(wu)染防治(zhi)行動(dong)(dong)(dong)計(ji)劃考核年(nian)，監測(ce)數據客(ke)觀、真實、準(zhun)確直接關(guan)系到對各地(di)落(luo)實 “大氣(qi)(qi)十條”、改(gai)善(shan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質(zhi)量和大氣(qi)(qi)污(wu)染防治(zhi)成效的(de)考核與(yu)評(ping)價。

　　環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保護(hu)部領導高度重視(shi)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)質量管理(li)問(wen)(wen)題，多次(ci)作(zuo)(zuo)出批示(shi)要(yao)求超前謀(mou)劃，制(zhi)定工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方案(an)，落實具體任務(wu)，有效解決環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)面臨的新情況和(he)突出問(wen)(wen)題。為此，我部編制(zhi)出臺了《空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方案(an)》，明確了今后一個(ge)時期(qi)國(guo)家環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)質量管理(li)重點方向和(he)主要(yao)任務(wu)，以指導全國(guo)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)質量管理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)健(jian)康發展，提高工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)水平。

　　問：近年來，我國環境監(jian)測(ce)質量管(guan)理取(qu)得(de)了哪(na)些發(fa)展和進(jin)步?還存在什么問題?這對編制《“十(shi)三五(wu)”工作方案》等(deng)文件有什么指導意義?

　　答(da)：近(jin)年來，我國環(huan)境監(jian)測質量管理(li)取得了(le)(le)(le)長足進(jin)步(bu)，一(yi)(yi)是(shi)法(fa)規(gui)(gui)制度逐步(bu)完善(shan)。先后頒布(bu)了(le)(le)(le)《環(huan)境監(jian)測管理(li)辦法(fa)》和《環(huan)境監(jian)測質量管理(li)規(gui)(gui)定》等，為加(jia)強監(jian)測質量管理(li)提供了(le)(le)(le)制度保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。二是(shi)監(jian)測規(gui)(gui)范漸(jian)成(cheng)體(ti)系。環(huan)保(bao)(bao)部(bu)頒布(bu)了(le)(le)(le)983項環(huan)境監(jian)測規(gui)(gui)范標準，為規(gui)(gui)范監(jian)測行(xing)為，保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)質量提供了(le)(le)(le)有效支(zhi)撐。三是(shi)監(jian)督檢查保(bao)(bao)持(chi)常態(tai)。持(chi)續開(kai)(kai)展環(huan)境空氣(qi)和地表水(shui)(shui)自動監(jian)測質量專項檢查和飛行(xing)檢查，進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)增強了(le)(le)(le)質量意識，規(gui)(gui)范了(le)(le)(le)監(jian)測行(xing)為。四是(shi)信息(xi)公開(kai)(kai)力度加(jia)大。依法(fa)公開(kai)(kai)并統(tong)一(yi)(yi)發布(bu)國家(jia)環(huan)境空氣(qi)和主要水(shui)(shui)系重(zhong)點斷面自動監(jian)測數(shu)據(ju)(ju)，保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)了(le)(le)(le)公眾的知情權(quan)和監(jian)督權(quan)。

　　隨著(zhu)大氣、水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)(he)土壤污染防治行(xing)(xing)動計劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)深入(ru)實(shi)施，以(yi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)改(gai)善(shan)為核心的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)管理(li)(li)轉型對環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)提(ti)出了(le)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)更高(gao)要求。同時，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理(li)(li)自身也面(mian)臨著(zhu)一(yi)些亟待解(jie)決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。一(yi)是體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)順。存(cun)在“考核誰、誰監(jian)(jian)測(ce)”現象，地方環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保部門“既當(dang)運動員又當(dang)裁判員”，在各種考核壓力下，行(xing)(xing)政干預(yu)數據(ju)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)動較大。二是管理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度急需(xu)更新(xin)。在事權上收(shou)、省以(yi)下垂直管理(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)服務社會(hui)化等新(xin)形(xing)勢(shi)下，監(jian)(jian)測(ce)機(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)定位和(he)(he)(he)職責、管理(li)(li)模式等都(dou)發生了(le)較大改(gai)變，現有質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度已不(bu)(bu)能滿足管理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要。三是監(jian)(jian)測(ce)規(gui)范(fan)和(he)(he)(he)技(ji)術體系尚(shang)需(xu)完善(shan)。環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)空氣、地表水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)(he)土壤監(jian)(jian)測(ce)方法標準不(bu)(bu)全，全國統(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)控體系尚(shang)未(wei)健全等;實(shi)驗室前端的(de)(de)(de)采樣(yang)、樣(yang)品制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)備和(he)(he)(he)保存(cun)等仍是薄弱環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)節。四是制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度規(gui)范(fan)執行(xing)(xing)不(bu)(bu)到位。自動監(jian)(jian)測(ce)設(she)施運行(xing)(xing)維(wei)護不(bu)(bu)到位，數據(ju)審核不(bu)(bu)落實(shi)、技(ji)術水(shui)(shui)(shui)平有待提(ti)高(gao)。

　　解決這些問題(ti)，需要(yao)(yao)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境保(bao)護部從(cong)國(guo)家層(ceng)面加強(qiang)頂層(ceng)設計，統籌謀劃(hua)，指(zhi)導和引領(ling)“十(shi)三(san)(san)五(wu)”全國(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境監測(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)科學創新、健康發展。因此，環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)部出臺(tai)《“十(shi)三(san)(san)五(wu)”環(huan)(huan)(huan)境監測(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)工作方案(an)》，明確今后一段時(shi)間全國(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境監測(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)重點內容和主要(yao)(yao)任務，加強(qiang)監測(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)工作，是(shi)適應“十(shi)三(san)(san)五(wu)”深化(hua)生態環(huan)(huan)(huan)境監測(ce)體制機制改革的(de)(de)客(ke)觀需要(yao)(yao)，是(shi)打好大氣、水、土壤三(san)(san)大戰役的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)保(bao)障，也是(shi)解決當前環(huan)(huan)(huan)境監測(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)存(cun)在的(de)(de)突出問題(ti)的(de)(de)針對性措施。

　　問：《“十三五”工作(zuo)方案(an)(an)》和《空氣自動監測工作(zuo)方案(an)(an)》編(bian)制的過程(cheng)是怎樣的?如何體(ti)現其科(ke)學性和指導性?

　　答：《“十(shi)三(san)五”工作(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)案》是2016年歷時(shi)半年多集中(zhong)編(bian)撰的直(zhi)接成果。2016年3月(yue)初，我(wo)部啟動(dong)編(bian)制工作(zuo)(zuo)，通過調研、組織(zhi)專家組座談起草、召開系(xi)統(tong)內外專家咨詢會和(he)論證會等(deng)多種方(fang)式，廣泛聽取環保系(xi)統(tong)內外監測管(guan)理、技術人員和(he)院士專家的意見，數易(yi)其(qi)稿，反復修改相關(guan)內容。7月(yue)30日，報請部長專題會審(shen)議(yi)，不斷完善后印發。

　　《“十三(san)(san)五(wu)(wu)”工(gong)作方(fang)(fang)案(an)》是全(quan)國(guo)環(huan)保系統環(huan)境監(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理實(shi)(shi)踐的(de)(de)結晶。“十二五(wu)(wu)”以來(lai)，我部組織開(kai)(kai)展了(le)(le)“環(huan)境監(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理三(san)(san)年(nian)行動(dong)計劃”，連續五(wu)(wu)年(nian)在全(quan)國(guo)開(kai)(kai)展環(huan)境空氣自動(dong)監(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量專(zhuan)項(xiang)檢查(cha)和飛行檢查(cha)工(gong)作，開(kai)(kai)展了(le)(le)地表水環(huan)境監(jian)測(ce)和污(wu)染源(yuan)監(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量專(zhuan)項(xiang)檢查(cha)活動(dong)，多次赴在質(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理工(gong)作中敢(gan)于創新、成效明(ming)顯的(de)(de)省市開(kai)(kai)展實(shi)(shi)地調研取經，出臺(tai)了(le)(le)一系列管(guan)(guan)理制(zhi)度和技術規范。這(zhe)些質(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理活動(dong)，為摸清問題，開(kai)(kai)啟思路，編(bian)撰(zhuan)《“十三(san)(san)五(wu)(wu)”工(gong)作方(fang)(fang)案(an)》奠(dian)定了(le)(le)扎實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)工(gong)作基礎。可以說，該(gai)方(fang)(fang)案(an)凝聚了(le)(le)全(quan)國(guo)環(huan)保系統近年(nian)來(lai)環(huan)境監(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理成果(guo)，吸納了(le)(le)地方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)好(hao)經驗好(hao)做法。

　　今年5月(yue)底，部(bu)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)做(zuo)出(chu)(chu)加強環(huan)境空(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)動(dong)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)質量控制的批(pi)示(shi)，6月(yue)，我(wo)(wo)部(bu)組織召開座談會(hui)(hui)(hui)，邀請全國環(huan)境監測(ce)(ce)(ce)系(xi)統內(nei)、外專(zhuan)家(jia)，系(xi)統梳理現階段環(huan)境空(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)動(dong)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)質控中存在(zai)(zai)的問題和(he)(he)原(yuan)因，提(ti)出(chu)(chu)解(jie)(jie)決的措(cuo)施和(he)(he)辦法，搭建方(fang)案提(ti)綱;組織專(zhuan)家(jia)集中撰(zhuan)寫(xie)《空(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)動(dong)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)作方(fang)案》并(bing)組織部(bu)內(nei)相(xiang)關司(si)局召開討(tao)論(lun)會(hui)(hui)(hui)，補充(chong)完善(shan)相(xiang)關內(nei)容(rong)。根據(ju)部(bu)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)對監測(ce)(ce)(ce)事(shi)權上收后國家(jia)空(kong)氣(qi)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)網質控措(cuo)施要(yao)進行深入研(yan)究的指示(shi)要(yao)求(qiu)，編制組對方(fang)案進一步修改，明確提(ti)出(chu)(chu)系(xi)統性的解(jie)(jie)決措(cuo)施，并(bing)做(zuo)好與《“十三(san)五(wu)”工(gong)(gong)作方(fang)案》的有機銜接(jie)。7月(yue)，我(wo)(wo)部(bu)組織了2次(ci)(ci)內(nei)部(bu)研(yan)討(tao)論(lun)證(zheng)會(hui)(hui)(hui)，再次(ci)(ci)修改完善(shan)后，形(xing)成方(fang)案報(bao)批(pi)稿報(bao)部(bu)長專(zhuan)題會(hui)(hui)(hui)審(shen)(shen)議。8月(yue)，根據(ju)部(bu)長專(zhuan)題會(hui)(hui)(hui)精(jing)神(shen)修改完善(shan)，在(zai)(zai)進一步征(zheng)求(qiu)部(bu)內(nei)各(ge)司(si)局意(yi)見(jian)后，報(bao)部(bu)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)審(shen)(shen)簽后印(yin)發。應該說(shuo)，《空(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)動(dong)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)作方(fang)案》是在(zai)(zai)廣泛聽取意(yi)見(jian)，集中系(xi)統內(nei)外專(zhuan)家(jia)的智(zhi)慧，集思廣益形(xing)成的成果。

　　問(wen)：請問(wen)《“十三五”工作(zuo)方(fang)案》和《空(kong)氣自(zi)動(dong)監測工作(zuo)方(fang)案》的總體思路是怎樣的?有什么(me)突破創新?

　　答(da)：《“十三(san)五”工(gong)作方案》緊密圍繞當前環境保護重點工(gong)作，針對存在(zai)的(de)問題(ti)，提出“十三(san)五”環境監測(ce)(ce)(ce)質量(liang)管理工(gong)作應遵循的(de)三(san)條原則：一(yi)是(shi)以理順體制(zhi)機制(zhi)為(wei)核心，保障監測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)的(de)獨立性(xing)(xing)和(he)公(gong)正(zheng)性(xing)(xing);二是(shi)以加強技術(shu)業務為(wei)重點，保障監測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)的(de)科學性(xing)(xing)和(he)可比性(xing)(xing);三(san)是(shi)堅持內部(bu)質量(liang)控制(zhi)和(he)外部(bu)質量(liang)監督并重，保障監測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)的(de)準(zhun)確性(xing)(xing)和(he)權威性(xing)(xing)。

　　《“十(shi)三(san)五”工(gong)作方(fang)案(an)(an)》是指導(dao)今后一(yi)(yi)段時期(qi)環(huan)境(jing)監測質量管理(li)和(he)質量控制(zhi)工(gong)作的(de)綱(gang)領性(xing)(xing)、指導(dao)性(xing)(xing)文(wen)件。通過該方(fang)案(an)(an)的(de)實施，“十(shi)三(san)五”期(qi)間力求(qiu)取得(de)兩(liang)方(fang)面(mian)突破：一(yi)(yi)是管理(li)方(fang)面(mian)，通過完善法(fa)律規(gui)章、轉變體(ti)制(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)、加大質量檢查和(he)懲處力度、加強信息公(gong)開(kai)等(deng)措施，保障監測數(shu)(shu)據的(de)公(gong)正性(xing)(xing)和(he)權威性(xing)(xing)，使評價和(he)考核用國控環(huan)境(jing)空氣、地(di)表水、土(tu)壤以(yi)及縣域生態考核的(de)環(huan)境(jing)質量監測數(shu)(shu)據準確可靠(kao)，滿足環(huan)境(jing)管理(li)需要;二是技(ji)術方(fang)面(mian)，構建(jian)全國統一(yi)(yi)的(de)生態環(huan)境(jing)監測規(gui)范體(ti)系(覆(fu)蓋環(huan)境(jing)空氣、地(di)表水、土(tu)壤等(deng)環(huan)境(jing)要素)、質量管理(li)和(he)質量控制(zhi)體(ti)系，以(yi)保障質量監測數(shu)(shu)據的(de)科學性(xing)(xing)、可比性(xing)(xing)和(he)準確性(xing)(xing)。

　　國家環(huan)境空氣(qi)質(zhi)量監(jian)測網和(he)國家地表水環(huan)境監(jian)測網已基本建(jian)成，土壤環(huan)境監(jian)測網尚在建(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)中，結合現(xian)階段我國環(huan)境空氣(qi)、地表水和(he)土壤監(jian)測網絡(luo)的建(jian)設(she)和(he)運行情況，為實現(xian)兩大突破，《“十三五(wu)”工作(zuo)方(fang)案》針對(dui)不(bu)同要素監(jian)測質(zhi)量管理(li)提出了具體的年度工作(zuo)目(mu)標：

　　一(yi)是環境空氣(qi)：2016年(nian)底完(wan)成(cheng)338個(ge)地級(ji)以(yi)上城市1436個(ge)國(guo)家環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣自動監(jian)測(ce)事權上收(shou)，建立(li)氣態污染物(wu)標準溯(su)源體系(xi)和顆粒物(wu)比對監(jian)測(ce)體系(xi)，完(wan)善環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣質量監(jian)測(ce)網運行管理(li)制(zhi)度，建立(li)數據(ju)質控體系(xi)及儀器參數變化(hua)預警體系(xi)。

　　二(er)是(shi)地表水：2016年底(di)，出臺國(guo)家地表(biao)水環境質量(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)測網監(jian)測規范性(xing)技術文件，制訂地表(biao)水手工和自動(dong)監(jian)測質量(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)督(du)檢查方案(an)。2017年起(qi)，逐(zhu)步完善地表(biao)水和近岸海域環境質量(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)測質控技術體系，組織開(kai)展(zhan)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)督(du)檢查活動(dong)。

　　三(san)是土壤環境：2016年確(que)定土壤網點(dian)位布設(she)方案，啟動網絡(luo)建設(she)。2017年形成(cheng)基本(ben)監測能力(li)，建立土壤樣品采集、制(zhi)備、分(fen)析、數據審核(he)全過程(cheng)質量管(guan)理體系，其后(hou)不斷完善(shan)。

　　至“十三五”末，全面建成環境空氣、地表水和土壤等環境監測質(zhi)量(liang)控制體系，進(jin)一步推(tui)進(jin)信息公(gong)開和公(gong)眾(zhong)監督，保障大氣、水、土壤污染防(fang)治行動計(ji)劃考核用數據質(zhi)量(liang)。

　　空(kong)氣自(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)作方(fang)案緊密(mi)圍繞“十三五”環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)管理(li)的(de)新要(yao)求，力(li)爭在(zai)以(yi)下(xia)幾方(fang)面有所突破。一(yi)是著力(li)推進環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)體制(zhi)機制(zhi)改(gai)革。深化內(nei)部質(zhi)量控制(zhi)，加強外(wai)部質(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)(jian)督，構建(jian)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量控制(zhi)和(he)質(zhi)量管理(li)體系(xi)。二(er)是全(quan)面加強環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣自(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)控能力(li)，以(yi)技(ji)術(shu)手段促(cu)進質(zhi)控水(shui)平提(ti)升(sheng)。完善環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣質(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)遠程(cheng)在(zai)線質(zhi)控系(xi)統(tong)，實現重(zhong)要(yao)參數(shu)的(de)實時(shi)直傳和(he)運維管理(li)的(de)全(quan)程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控。三是建(jian)立全(quan)國(guo)(guo)統(tong)一(yi)的(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣自(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)技(ji)術(shu)方(fang)法標準體系(xi)和(he)三級質(zhi)控體系(xi)。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣質(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)網(以(yi)下(xia)簡稱國(guo)(guo)家(jia)網)和(he)地(di)方(fang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣質(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)網(以(yi)下(xia)簡稱地(di)方(fang)網)均應遵循統(tong)一(yi)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)體系(xi)，保障(zhang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)的(de)科(ke)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)和(he)可比性(xing)(xing)。四是成立國(guo)(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)質(zhi)量評估(gu)委(wei)員會(hui)，組建(jian)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)(jian)督檢查(cha)專家(jia)庫，重(zhong)點打擊環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)弄(nong)虛作假行為(wei)，保障(zhang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)的(de)公正性(xing)(xing)和(he)權威性(xing)(xing)。通過以(yi)上工(gong)(gong)作的(de)推進，為(wei)大氣污染防治行動計劃的(de)順利實施提(ti)供保障(zhang)。

　　問(wen)：請問(wen)《“十三五”工作(zuo)方案》的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)內容是什么(me)?包括了(le)哪些(xie)方面?提出了(le)什么(me)任務(wu)和措(cuo)施?

　　答：為解決當前存在(zai)的問題(ti)，達到上述目標(biao)，依據三項原則，《“十(shi)三五”工作方案》提出了五大(da)任(ren)務(wu)，十(shi)五條具體措施。

　　任(ren)務一，深化體制(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革。2015年，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)院辦公廳(ting)(ting)印(yin)發《生(sheng)態(tai)文明(ming)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革總體(ti)方(fang)案》，我(wo)部(bu)制(zhi)定了《國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)(jing)質量監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)上收(shou)實施方(fang)案》，積極(ji)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)上收(shou)。2016年9月，啟動全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)338個地級(ji)以上城市1436個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)環境(jing)(jing)空氣自動站監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)上收(shou)工作(zuo)，截至11月6日，交接(jie)工作(zuo)已基本完(wan)成;我(wo)部(bu)也已啟動全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)地表水2767個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)控斷(duan)面監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(其中(zhong)1940個為(wei)考(kao)核斷(duan)面)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)上收(shou)的(de)(de)試(shi)點(dian)工作(zuo)，均由中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)環境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)總站直(zhi)接(jie)管理(li)。另外，近期中(zhong)共中(zhong)央(yang)辦公廳(ting)(ting)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)院辦公廳(ting)(ting)印(yin)發了《關于省以下環保機(ji)(ji)構監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)監(jian)(jian)察執法垂直(zhi)管理(li)制(zhi)度(du)改(gai)革試(shi)點(dian)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)指導(dao)意見》，“十三五”期間，我(wo)部(bu)將穩步推(tui)進(jin)(jin)省以下監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構垂直(zhi)管理(li)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)上收(shou)工作(zuo)，實現“誰考(kao)核、誰監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)”，解決地方(fang)環保部(bu)門“既(ji)當(dang)運動員(yuan)又(you)當(dang)裁判員(yuan)”的(de)(de)問題(ti)，理(li)順體(ti)制(zhi)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，防止行政干預。

　　任(ren)務二，健全質量管(guan)理體系。一(yi)是(shi)確定(ding)(ding)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)新模(mo)式(shi)。事權(quan)適度(du)上(shang)收、省(sheng)以(yi)下(xia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)垂(chui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)后，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)也將(jiang)由“十二五(wu)(wu)”時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)、省(sheng)、市三(san)(san)級管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)轉變(bian)為“十三(san)(san)五(wu)(wu)”期間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)、省(sheng)兩級質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)新模(mo)式(shi)。二是(shi)明確國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行模(mo)式(shi)。監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)事權(quan)上(shang)收后，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)總站(zhan)直(zhi)接(jie)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)網(wang)(wang)，原始(shi)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)第(di)一(yi)時(shi)間(jian)直(zhi)傳(chuan)(chuan)總站(zhan)，負責(ze)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)網(wang)(wang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸、審(shen)核，地(di)方為國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)網(wang)(wang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)維條件(jian)提(ti)供保障，共享國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)網(wang)(wang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)，不再參與(yu)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產和(he)(he)(he)審(shen)核。改革國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)網(wang)(wang)、地(di)表水網(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)(he)土壤(rang)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行模(mo)式(shi)，通過(guo)委(wei)(wei)托社(she)(she)會(hui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、聯(lian)合監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、分(fen)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)節委(wei)(wei)托不同機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)采(cai)(cai)樣(yang)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試等手段(duan)，提(ti)升監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。城市環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)采(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)委(wei)(wei)托社(she)(she)會(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)運(yun)(yun)(yun)維的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)開展;地(di)表水環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)采(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)委(wei)(wei)托社(she)(she)會(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(運(yun)(yun)(yun)維)或(huo)流域上(shang)下(xia)游環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保系統監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)聯(lian)合監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)開展;土壤(rang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)采(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)地(di)方環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保系統環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)采(cai)(cai)樣(yang)，由中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)總站(zhan)委(wei)(wei)托有(you)能力的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)驗室集中(zhong)制樣(yang)、貼標(biao)和(he)(he)(he)分(fen)析的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)開展。三(san)(san)是(shi)完(wan)善環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制度(du)。現有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦法(fa)或(huo)制度(du)等已(yi)不能滿足監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)體(ti)制機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)新形勢需要，為此“十三(san)(san)五(wu)(wu)”期間(jian)我(wo)部將(jiang)制修(xiu)訂一(yi)系列(lie)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)系列(lie)文(wen)件(jian)，出臺《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)條例》，修(xiu)訂《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦法(fa)》、《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦法(fa)》，完(wan)善環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)、地(di)表水和(he)(he)(he)土壤(rang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)相關規定(ding)(ding)，為“十三(san)(san)五(wu)(wu)”環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)提(ti)供政策(ce)依據(ju)(ju)(ju)。目前(qian)，我(wo)部正在制訂《國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)自動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)網(wang)(wang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)實(shi)施(shi)細(xi)則(試行)》，將(jiang)明確國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)、地(di)方、社(she)(she)會(hui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)各責(ze)任方在環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)維中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)、職責(ze)和(he)(he)(he)罰(fa)則，保障環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)有(you)據(ju)(ju)(ju)可依。四是(shi)加(jia)大對社(she)(she)會(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)培育力度(du)。社(she)(she)會(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)已(yi)逐步發展成環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)領域重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)補充力量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，“十三(san)(san)五(wu)(wu)”期間(jian)，將(jiang)制定(ding)(ding)社(she)(she)會(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)和(he)(he)(he)運(yun)(yun)(yun)維機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦法(fa)，探(tan)索建立監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)和(he)(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)員誠信評價體(ti)系，加(jia)大對承擔國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)網(wang)(wang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)(he)(he)運(yun)(yun)(yun)維任務的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)技術人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)培訓力度(du)，規范社(she)(she)會(hui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)行為，提(ti)升社(she)(she)會(hui)化監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)和(he)(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)服(fu)務水平和(he)(he)(he)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，保障監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)客觀、準確。

　　任務三，完善技術體系。一(yi)是(shi)健全(quan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)規(gui)范體系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。加(jia)強(qiang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)規(gui)范體系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)頂(ding)層(ceng)設(she)計，于(yu)2016年(nian)底前出臺國家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)方(fang)法(fa)標(biao)準(zhun)“十三(san)(san)五(wu)”規(gui)劃，建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)制(zhi)、修(xiu)訂項目庫(ku)，明(ming)確“十三(san)(san)五(wu)”方(fang)法(fa)標(biao)準(zhun)制(zhi)、修(xiu)訂任(ren)務，加(jia)快推進氣(qi)、水(shui)、土(tu)十條以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)排(pai)污許可制(zhi)度等(deng)配套的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)方(fang)法(fa)標(biao)準(zhun)制(zhi)修(xiu)訂工(gong)作，完善有證標(biao)準(zhun)樣品(pin)體系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。二是(shi)構(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)國家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)控制(zhi)體系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。由(you)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保護部(bu)組織(zhi)遴選若干家(jia)儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)設(she)備(bei)配置齊全(quan)、人(ren)員素質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高、技術能力強(qiang)的(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)，設(she)置區域(yu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控實驗(yan)室。國家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)控制(zhi)技術體系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)不(bu)(bu)少于(yu)三(san)(san)級(ji)，由(you)國家(jia)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控平臺(一(yi)級(ji))、區域(yu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控實驗(yan)室(二級(ji))、監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)實驗(yan)室/運維(wei)公司(si)(末(mo)端)構(gou)成，實現(xian)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)空氣(qi)、地表(biao)水(shui)、土(tu)壤(rang)等(deng)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)要(yao)素各監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)指標(biao)的(de)量(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)溯源(yuan)和(he)(he)(he)傳遞(比(bi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui))。爭取(qu)2017年(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成臭氧量(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)溯源(yuan)和(he)(he)(he)傳遞體系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)顆(ke)粒(li)物(wu)比(bi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)體系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。地方(fang)視(shi)工(gong)作需要(yao)可考(kao)慮構(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)三(san)(san)級(ji)或四級(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控機(ji)(ji)構(gou)。三(san)(san)是(shi)加(jia)強(qiang)內部(bu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)控制(zhi)。由(you)中國環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)總站開(kai)展一(yi)般(ban)污染物(wu)的(de)量(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)溯源(yuan)與傳遞、顆(ke)粒(li)物(wu)手工(gong)比(bi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)等(deng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理活(huo)動(dong)(dong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)國控網(wang)的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)能力考(kao)核和(he)(he)(he)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)例行檢查工(gong)作，組織(zhi)開(kai)展地表(biao)水(shui)跨(kua)界聯合監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)、比(bi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)(he)(he)留樣復測(ce)(ce)(ce)等(deng)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)土(tu)壤(rang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)隨機(ji)(ji)比(bi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，組織(zhi)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)單(dan)位開(kai)展比(bi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)。四是(shi)加(jia)強(qiang)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控新技術的(de)應(ying)用(yong)。如(ru)完善自動(dong)(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據采集傳輸平臺，監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)和(he)(he)(he)數(shu)采儀(yi)(yi)上的(de)重要(yao)參數(shu)應(ying)能實現(xian)及(ji)時(shi)采集和(he)(he)(he)傳輸，建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)自動(dong)(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)遠程質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控平臺，站房加(jia)裝視(shi)頻監(jian)(jian)(jian)控系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)等(deng)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)技術手段(duan)堵塞人(ren)為造假的(de)漏洞，為監(jian)(jian)(jian)管提供有效支(zhi)撐。嘗試將GPS定(ding)位系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)和(he)(he)(he)資料實時(shi)上傳等(deng)手段(duan)應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)采樣現(xian)場(chang)和(he)(he)(he)樣品(pin)運輸過程，探索建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)手工(gong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)各環(huan)(huan)(huan)節(jie)全(quan)覆蓋質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理體系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。

　　任務四(si)，創新監管機制。一是推進(jin)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)第三(san)方(fang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)機(ji)制(zhi)。事權(quan)上收后，中國環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)總站在國控(kong)(kong)網運(yun)(yun)維中扮(ban)演的(de)角色將(jiang)發(fa)(fa)生轉變。為(wei)(wei)(wei)適(shi)應這一轉變，積極(ji)引入第三(san)方(fang)機(ji)制(zhi)，重(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)構建國控(kong)(kong)網的(de)外(wai)控(kong)(kong)(由環(huan)境(jing)(jing)保護部(bu)主(zhu)導(dao)、第三(san)方(fang)參(can)與(yu))和(he)內控(kong)(kong)(由監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)總站主(zhu)導(dao)、第三(san)方(fang)參(can)與(yu))的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)機(ji)制(zhi)。在全國范(fan)圍內遴(lin)選權(quan)威專家組(zu)建國家環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)評(ping)估(gu)委員和(he)專家檢(jian)查(cha)隊(dui)伍，不定(ding)期(qi)開展(zhan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和(he)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)體系運(yun)(yun)行情況評(ping)估(gu)工(gong)作，為(wei)(wei)(wei)飛行檢(jian)查(cha)提供線索等。二是完善監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)檢(jian)查(cha)機(ji)制(zhi)。中國環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)總站每年按一定(ding)比例開展(zhan)國家環(huan)境(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣、地表水、土壤(rang)(rang)網的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)常規檢(jian)查(cha)工(gong)作，規范(fan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)，發(fa)(fa)現問題嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)報(bao)環(huan)保部(bu)。環(huan)保部(bu)組(zu)建國家環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)檢(jian)查(cha)專家庫，以環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)評(ping)估(gu)結(jie)果或公(gong)眾(zhong)舉(ju)報(bao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)線索，不定(ding)期(qi)開展(zhan)飛行檢(jian)查(cha)，著重(zhong)(zhong)打擊環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)弄虛作假行為(wei)(wei)(wei)。三(san)是將(jiang)信(xin)(xin)息發(fa)(fa)布作為(wei)(wei)(wei)質(zhi)控(kong)(kong)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要手段。按照“能公(gong)開、盡公(gong)開”的(de)原(yuan)則，加大環(huan)境(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣、地表水、土壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)信(xin)(xin)息發(fa)(fa)布和(he)公(gong)開力度，保障人民群眾(zhong)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)知情權(quan)，接受公(gong)眾(zhong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)。

　　任務五，嚴厲查處(chu)監測質量問題(ti)。建立質控檢查(cha)與(yu)考核(he)聯動機制。發現有運維不規范的(de)問題，依(yi)法依(yi)規嚴(yan)肅處理，進行(xing)通報批評(ping)、約談(tan)、誡勉談(tan)話或停職處理，并(bing)開展事(shi)后回頭看檢查(cha);建立環(huan)保與(yu)公檢法的(de)聯動機制，對(dui)監(jian)(jian)測數據(ju)造假(jia)“零(ling)容(rong)忍”，發現一(yi)起(qi)，查(cha)處一(yi)起(qi)，依(yi)法移交有關部(bu)門(men)處理，并(bing)加(jia)大宣傳力度，提高對(dui)監(jian)(jian)測數據(ju)弄(nong)虛(xu)(xu)作(zuo)(zuo)假(jia)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)震(zhen)懾力。嚴(yan)厲打(da)擊，起(qi)到震(zhen)懾作(zuo)(zuo)用。積(ji)極(ji)與(yu)有關部(bu)門(men)溝通，支持(chi)將環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測弄(nong)虛(xu)(xu)作(zuo)(zuo)假(jia)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)寫入正在(zai)修訂的(de)“兩高”司法解(jie)釋，為(wei)(wei)類(lei)似案(an)件的(de)處理提供法律支撐。

　　問：請問《空氣自(zi)動(dong)監測工(gong)作方案(an)》的具體(ti)工(gong)作措施都有哪些?

　　答：面對新(xin)形勢(shi)新(xin)要求和存在的問題，《空氣(qi)自動(dong)監測工作方案》提(ti)出了六個方面十四項具(ju)體工作措施，綜合來(lai)看，應著重在以下(xia)幾方面推進工作：

　　第一(yi)方面(mian)是建立健全環境空氣自動(dong)監測質量(liang)控制體系。

　　一是(shi)著力構(gou)建三級質控(kong)體系：依托已具備一定條件、質(zhi)控(kong)能力較強的省級(ji)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測機構(gou)，分區(qu)域(yu)、分批次建(jian)立若干區(qu)域(yu)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測質(zhi)控(kong)實驗(yan)(yan)室，構(gou)建(jian)由國家質(zhi)控(kong)平臺、區(qu)域(yu)質(zhi)控(kong)實驗(yan)(yan)室、環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測機構(gou)與運維機構(gou)組成的國家環(huan)境(jing)(jing)空氣自動監(jian)測三級(ji)質(zhi)控(kong)體系。

　　中國環境監測(ce)總站負(fu)責編(bian)制全國通(tong)用的(de)環境空氣(qi)自動(dong)監測(ce)質量管理技術文(wen)件，制定質控技術方(fang)案和檢查計劃，組織開(kai)展環境空氣(qi)自動(dong)監測(ce)站點(dian)的(de)顆粒(li)物比對(dui)、氣(qi)態(tai)污染物量值傳遞工(gong)作。

　　區域質控實驗室向(xiang)上、向(xiang)下(xia)開展(zhan)量值溯源、傳遞和比對工作(zuo)，配合中國環境監測總(zong)站開展(zhan)例行質控檢查。

　　環境(jing)監測機(ji)構與運維機(ji)構建立、運行并持續改進內部質(zhi)量管理體系，開展自動監測儀(yi)器(qi)的(de)檢定、校(xiao)準與量值溯源和(he)比對工(gong)作(zuo)，按照規定的(de)頻(pin)次和(he)項目開展日常(chang)運維和(he)質(zhi)控活動。

　　實現監(jian)測事權(quan)上收(shou)后質控(kong)管理各(ge)環節的全方位覆蓋，形成(cheng)完整的環境空氣自動(dong)監(jian)測質控(kong)體(ti)系。

　　二是建(jian)立和(he)完善溯(su)源傳(chuan)遞和(he)比對體系：針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)監測(ce)六項基(ji)本指標(biao)(biao)在(zai)溯(su)源(yuan)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)和(he)比對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)分析(xi)中存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同問題(ti)，分別構(gou)建(jian)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)控(kong)體(ti)系(xi)和(he)方法(fa)，并(bing)制(zhi)定(ding)具(ju)(ju)體(ti)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)措施(shi)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)顆粒(li)物：采取“四統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式，由(you)中國(guo)(guo)環(huan)境(jing)監測(ce)總(zong)站統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)購(gou)(gou)(gou)置采樣(yang)膜，統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)編碼稱(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)分送各運(yun)維(wei)機構(gou)，統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)組織開(kai)展(zhan)手工(gong)比對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)，統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)核算(suan)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)誤差(cha)，依據各地不(bu)同環(huan)境(jing)條件下測(ce)試出的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據結果，制(zhi)定(ding)客(ke)觀合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)顆粒(li)物監測(ce)數(shu)(shu)據質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)考(kao)核目(mu)標(biao)(biao)，以有效地解決由(you)于我國(guo)(guo)地域(yu)范圍(wei)廣、氣(qi)候環(huan)境(jing)差(cha)異大，顆粒(li)物監測(ce)數(shu)(shu)據面臨(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)比性(xing)和(he)準(zhun)確性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)：由(you)于其具(ju)(ju)有強(qiang)氧(yang)化(hua)性(xing)，無法(fa)制(zhi)備穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)氣(qi)體(ti)，臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)分析(xi)儀(yi)只能(neng)通(tong)過標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)參(can)考(kao)光度(du)計(ji)(SRP)基(ji)準(zhun)進(jin)行溯(su)源(yuan)和(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)這(zhe)一(yi)特殊情況，為避免各地分別采購(gou)(gou)(gou)昂貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)SRP基(ji)準(zhun)造(zao)成(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)復建(jian)設和(he)資(zi)金(jin)浪費(fei)，以及溯(su)源(yuan)過程中的(de)(de)(de)(de)繁瑣耗時等(deng)問題(ti)，《空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)自動監測(ce)工(gong)作方案》通(tong)過建(jian)立環(huan)保(bao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)級(ji)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)校(xiao)準(zhun)實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)，各區(qu)域(yu)和(he)運(yun)維(wei)機構(gou)采取逐級(ji)或跨(kua)級(ji)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式，建(jian)立臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)溯(su)源(yuan)和(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)體(ti)系(xi)，實(shi)(shi)現臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)自動監測(ce)數(shu)(shu)據的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)溯(su)源(yuan)性(xing)。規(gui)定(ding)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)級(ji)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)校(xiao)準(zhun)實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)每兩年參(can)加一(yi)次(ci)國(guo)(guo)際溯(su)源(yuan)比對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)，每年向區(qu)域(yu)質(zhi)控(kong)實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)開(kai)展(zhan)一(yi)次(ci)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)。區(qu)域(yu)質(zhi)控(kong)實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)每季度(du)向國(guo)(guo)家(jia)網各運(yun)維(wei)機構(gou)開(kai)展(zhan)一(yi)次(ci)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)。運(yun)維(wei)機構(gou)每季度(du)向國(guo)(guo)控(kong)環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)自動站開(kai)展(zhan)一(yi)次(ci)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)。通(tong)過這(zhe)樣(yang)嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溯(su)源(yuan)和(he)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)，達到對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)數(shu)(shu)據的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)SO2等(deng)常規(gui)氣(qi)態污染物：目(mu)前市(shi)場上的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)樣(yang)品來源(yuan)復雜，各種有證標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)樣(yang)品良莠不(bu)齊，個別標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)樣(yang)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)偏(pian)差(cha)較高。《空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)自動監測(ce)工(gong)作方案》要求由(you)中國(guo)(guo)環(huan)境(jing)監測(ce)總(zong)站統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)采購(gou)(gou)(gou)SO2 NO2、CO等(deng)有資(zi)質(zhi)廠家(jia)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)高品質(zhi)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)氣(qi)體(ti)，分送至區(qu)域(yu)質(zhi)控(kong)實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)和(he)各運(yun)維(wei)機構(gou)，用于日常校(xiao)準(zhun)和(he)質(zhi)控(kong)考(kao)核。另外(wai)，為保(bao)證流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)計(ji)、溫(wen)度(du)計(ji)和(he)壓力計(ji)等(deng)強(qiang)檢(jian)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)準(zhun)確，應定(ding)期開(kai)展(zhan)計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)檢(jian)定(ding)。

　　三是強化各類監測儀(yi)器設備準入(ru)門檻：為(wei)滿足環境空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數據質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)要求，《空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)案》規定(ding)國控環境空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)動站選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)器(qi)設備(bei)必須選(xuan)擇經專門機(ji)構適用(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)合格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)產品，不(bu)合格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)一律不(bu)能(neng)進入環境監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)領域(yu)。但由于受能(neng)力條件(jian)、經費(fei)和(he)人員等因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)，目前空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)僅側重(zhong)于在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)前進行各(ge)種性(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)，尚未(wei)對(dui)在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)中的(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)器(qi)設備(bei)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)進行跟蹤檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)監(jian)管，《空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)案》要求加強監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)器(qi)設備(bei)全(quan)過程(cheng)監(jian)管，對(dui)在用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)器(qi)設備(bei)有(you)計劃地開展抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)和(he)監(jian)督(du)檢(jian)(jian)查，并建立(li)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)器(qi)設備(bei)退出機(ji)制(zhi)。同時，要進一步加強顆粒物監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)器(qi)重(zhong)要參(can)數性(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力建設，開展對(dui)顆粒物監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)器(qi)重(zhong)要參(can)數的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)評估工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。

　　四是(shi)建立(li)完備的遠程質(zhi)控系統(tong)：隨(sui)著環境(jing)(jing)管(guan)理的需(xu)要和公眾對環境(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)監(jian)(jian)測數據知情權意(yi)識的日益提(ti)升，原(yuan)有的監(jian)(jian)管(guan)模式(shi)無法適應(ying)目(mu)前精(jing)細(xi)化管(guan)理的需(xu)求，必須進一(yi)步采取(qu)各(ge)種技(ji)術手段強化監(jian)(jian)管(guan)力(li)度，《空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自動監(jian)(jian)測工作方案》提(ti)出借助高科技(ji)建立全國聯網的遠程質控系統，實現關鍵參數直傳、變化留(liu)痕、異常報(bao)警、實時監(jian)(jian)督等(deng)功能，確保監(jian)(jian)測數據的客觀、真實。

　　第二方面是健全(quan)環(huan)境空(kong)氣(qi)自動(dong)監測方法標準和規(gui)章制度。

　　一是進一步完善(shan)標準規范：針對(dui)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自動(dong)(dong)監(jian)測(ce)方法(fa)規(gui)范(fan)不健全的(de)(de)問題，《空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自動(dong)(dong)監(jian)測(ce)工(gong)作方案(an)》明確(que)要加快推(tui)動(dong)(dong)《環(huan)境(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)氣(qi)(qi)態污染物(SO2、NO2、O3、CO)連續自動(dong)(dong)監(jian)測(ce)系統運(yun)行(xing)與(yu)質(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)技術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》和(he)《環(huan)境(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)顆(ke)(ke)粒物(PM10 和(he) PM2.5)連續自動(dong)(dong)監(jian)測(ce)系統運(yun)行(xing)和(he)質(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)技術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》等7項(xiang)技術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)制(zhi)、修(xiu)訂進程，以(yi)指導環(huan)境(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自動(dong)(dong)監(jian)測(ce)的(de)(de)運(yun)維(wei)和(he)質(zhi)量控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)作。為配(pei)合臭氧(yang)溯源傳遞和(he)顆(ke)(ke)粒比對(dui)體系建設(she)，相關配(pei)套(tao)的(de)(de)監(jian)測(ce)方法(fa)規(gui)范(fan)也在加緊研究制(zhi)、修(xiu)訂。

　　二是不斷建(jian)立健全規章制度：為(wei)確(que)(que)保監(jian)測事權上(shang)收后(hou)(hou)環(huan)(huan)境空(kong)氣自動站(zhan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)和(he)管(guan)理(li)(li)有據(ju)可依、有章(zhang)可循，我部將印發(fa)《國(guo)家環(huan)(huan)境空(kong)氣質量監(jian)測網(wang)(wang)(wang)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)理(li)(li)實施細則》，明(ming)確(que)(que)環(huan)(huan)保部、中國(guo)環(huan)(huan)境監(jian)測總站(zhan)、省級環(huan)(huan)保機(ji)構、運(yun)維(wei)機(ji)構等國(guo)家環(huan)(huan)境空(kong)氣質量監(jian)測網(wang)(wang)(wang)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)理(li)(li)各方(fang)職(zhi)責，進一步(bu)明(ming)確(que)(que)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)維(wei)護、數據(ju)采集與傳輸、儀器質控與數據(ju)審核等各項工作要求，以及對違規運(yun)維(wei)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)處罰措施。實施細則出(chu)臺后(hou)(hou)，將從制度上(shang)規范和(he)約束(shu)國(guo)家環(huan)(huan)境空(kong)氣質量監(jian)測網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)和(he)管(guan)理(li)(li)。

　　第三(san)方面(mian)是(shi)加(jia)大監測質量(liang)管(guan)理監督和違規行為的懲處(chu)力度(du)。

　　在新(xin)的環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)理(li)模式(shi)下(xia)，要(yao)持續做好環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣自動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質量(liang)管(guan)理(li)工(gong)作，保證監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據客觀真實，必(bi)須強化空(kong)(kong)氣自動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)各環(huan)節(jie)監(jian)管(guan)并加大(da)對違規(gui)行(xing)為的懲處力度，在《空(kong)(kong)氣自動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)作方案》中都(dou)有明確規(gui)定和(he)要(yao)求(qiu)。中國(guo)環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)總(zong)站(zhan)建(jian)立(li)日(ri)常監(jian)督檢(jian)查(cha)機制(zhi)(zhi)，每(mei)年完成20%地級以(yi)上城市的國(guo)家網站(zhan)點的現場檢(jian)查(cha)。環(huan)保部側重于建(jian)章(zhang)立(li)制(zhi)(zhi)，出臺社(she)會運維(wei)機構(gou)監(jian)管(guan)辦(ban)法(fa)，開展環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣自動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)社(she)會運維(wei)誠信體系建(jian)設，建(jian)立(li)“黑名(ming)單”制(zhi)(zhi)度和(he)市場退出機制(zhi)(zhi)，加強事中事后監(jian)管(guan)，對發現監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)行(xing)為不規(gui)范(fan)的，通報批評(ping)，對監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據造假行(xing)為，絕不姑息，依(yi)法(fa)追責(ze)。

　　總之，《空(kong)氣自動(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)方案》的(de)出臺，將(jiang)進一步推動(dong)國(guo)家環境(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣自動(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質量管理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)深入開展，有(you)效保障監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據的(de)客觀、真實、準確。隨著水環境(jing)(jing)質量監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)和土壤(rang)環境(jing)(jing)質量監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)事權上收(shou)，我(wo)部將(jiang)不斷完(wan)善環境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質量管理(li)體系，促進我(wo)國(guo)環境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)事業的(de)健康(kang)發展。