生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測是生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保護的(de)(de)耳目與基(ji)(ji)石。基(ji)(ji)礎不牢，地動山搖。沒有科學準確的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)測數據作支撐，生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)保工作就成了(le)無源之(zhi)水，無本(ben)之(zhi)木。生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)保事業(ye)發展(zhan)越快，越離不開牢固的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)測基(ji)(ji)礎。加(jia)強生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測網絡建(jian)設，是大(da)(da)力推進(jin)生(sheng)態(tai)文明(ming)建(jian)設的(de)(de)重大(da)(da)舉措(cuo)，對于全面(mian)建(jian)成小康社會，實現中(zhong)華民族永續(xu)發展(zhan)具(ju)有深遠意(yi)義。

　　一、有關背景

　　黨中(zhong)(zhong)央、國(guo)(guo)務院高度(du)重(zhong)(zhong)視生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)工作。習近平總(zong)書(shu)記對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)態文(wen)明建(jian)設(she)和(he)(he)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)提出(chu)(chu)一系(xi)列新(xin)思想新(xin)論斷(duan)新(xin)要求(qiu)(qiu)，對(dui)抓緊建(jian)立(li)(li)資源環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)承(cheng)載能力監(jian)(jian)測(ce)預警(jing)機制作出(chu)(chu)重(zhong)(zhong)要指示。國(guo)(guo)務院領導同志(zhi)多(duo)次就(jiu)建(jian)設(she)大(da)氣和(he)(he)水環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)網絡、保(bao)證(zheng)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)(shu)據真(zhen)實可靠等作出(chu)(chu)重(zhong)(zhong)要批(pi)示。《中(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)央關于全(quan)(quan)面深化(hua)改革(ge)若干重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)問題的(de)決(jue)定》提出(chu)(chu)“建(jian)立(li)(li)和(he)(he)完(wan)善嚴(yan)格監(jian)(jian)管所(suo)有污(wu)染物排(pai)放的(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)管理制度(du)，獨(du)立(li)(li)進行環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)管和(he)(he)行政執(zhi)法(fa)”。《中(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)央國(guo)(guo)務院關于加快推進生(sheng)(sheng)態文(wen)明建(jian)設(she)的(de)意見》提出(chu)(chu)“利用衛星遙(yao)感(gan)等技術(shu)手段，對(dui)自然資源和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)狀況開(kai)展全(quan)(quan)天候監(jian)(jian)測(ce)，健全(quan)(quan)覆蓋所(suo)有資源環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)要素的(de)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)網絡體系(xi)”。《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)法(fa)》要求(qiu)(qiu)“國(guo)(guo)家建(jian)立(li)(li)、健全(quan)(quan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)制度(du)。國(guo)(guo)務院環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)主管部(bu)(bu)門制定監(jian)(jian)測(ce)規范，會同有關部(bu)(bu)門組織監(jian)(jian)測(ce)網絡，統(tong)一規劃(hua)國(guo)(guo)家環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量監(jian)(jian)測(ce)站(點)的(de)設(she)置，建(jian)立(li)(li)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)(shu)據共享機制，加強對(dui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)的(de)管理”。“國(guo)(guo)務院環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)主管部(bu)(bu)門統(tong)一發布國(guo)(guo)家環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量、重(zhong)(zhong)點污(wu)染源監(jian)(jian)測(ce)信息(xi)及其他重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)信息(xi)”。

　　為貫徹落實黨中央、國(guo)務院的(de)決策部(bu)署(shu)和《環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護法》要求，進一(yi)步加強生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監測(ce)網(wang)絡建設，為生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)保(bao)工作提供(gong)堅強有力的(de)支撐(cheng)，環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護部(bu)會(hui)同有關部(bu)門(men)編制了《生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監測(ce)網(wang)絡建設方案(an)》(以下簡稱《方案(an)》)，并經中央全面(mian)深化改(gai)革領(ling)導(dao)小(xiao)組(zu)第十四次會(hui)議審議通過(guo)，已由(you)國(guo)務院辦公廳(ting)正式(shi)印發。

　　二、加強生(sheng)態環境監(jian)測網絡建(jian)設的必要(yao)性(xing)

　　我國環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)作經過近40年的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展建設，已經改變了靠“眼睛(jing)看、鼻(bi)子聞、耳(er)朵聽”的(de)(de)(de)(de)落后(hou)面貌，建成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了較為完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)生態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)網絡(luo)并(bing)及時向人民群眾發(fa)布(bu)各類(lei)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)信(xin)(xin)息。當前(qian)，全(quan)國環(huan)(huan)保系統(tong)按(an)照空氣質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)新標準建成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了發(fa)展中國家(jia)最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)網，所有地級以上城市都(dou)按(an)照新的(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)標準開(kai)展了PM2.5在(zai)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)6項(xiang)主要(yao)(yao)空氣污染(ran)物(wu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)，并(bing)實時發(fa)布(bu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)信(xin)(xin)息。同(tong)時，水環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)網絡(luo)不(bu)斷完善，縣域生態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)取(qu)得重大進(jin)展，完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了土(tu)壤環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)背景值(zhi)調查(cha)和土(tu)壤環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)專項(xiang)調查(cha)，空氣質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)預報預警(jing)和顆粒物(wu)源解(jie)析(xi)工(gong)(gong)作全(quan)面開(kai)展。2012年成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功發(fa)射環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)一號C星(xing)，與環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)一號A/B星(xing)3星(xing)組網，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)衛星(xing)“2+1”星(xing)座，實現了2-3天(tian)對全(quan)國覆蓋一次的(de)(de)(de)(de)遙感監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)能力(li)，初(chu)步建成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了天(tian)地一體化監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)系統(tong)。環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)作實現了從手工(gong)(gong)到(dao)自(zi)動，從粗(cu)放到(dao)精準，從分散封閉到(dao)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)聯動，從現狀監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)到(dao)預測(ce)(ce)(ce)預警(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)面而深刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉變，為生態文明建設和環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保護工(gong)(gong)作提(ti)供了強(qiang)有力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)支撐。此(ci)外，國務(wu)院水利、國土(tu)、海(hai)洋、農業(ye)(ye)、氣象、林業(ye)(ye)等部門也(ye)根據各自(zi)管理需要(yao)(yao)建立了相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)網絡(luo)，開(kai)展了地表水、地下水、海(hai)水、土(tu)壤、生態等領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)。

　　但是，面對當前生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)文明(ming)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)新(xin)形勢(shi)和(he)新(xin)要求，我國生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)事(shi)業發展(zhan)還(huan)存(cun)在網絡范(fan)(fan)圍和(he)要素(su)覆蓋不(bu)全，建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)規(gui)劃、標(biao)準規(gui)范(fan)(fan)與信(xin)息(xi)發布不(bu)統一，信(xin)息(xi)化水平和(he)共(gong)享程度(du)不(bu)高(gao)，監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)與監(jian)(jian)管(guan)結合不(bu)緊(jin)(jin)密，監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據質量有待提(ti)高(gao)等突(tu)出(chu)問(wen)題，難以(yi)滿足生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)文明(ming)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)需(xu)要，影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)了監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)科學性、權威性和(he)政府的(de)(de)公(gong)信(xin)力。為此，必須加快推進(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)網絡建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)改革，緊(jin)(jin)緊(jin)(jin)圍繞影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)網絡建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)突(tu)出(chu)問(wen)題，強化監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質量監(jian)(jian)管(guan)，落實(shi)政府、企業、社(she)會的(de)(de)責任和(he)權利。要依靠(kao)科技(ji)創新(xin)和(he)技(ji)術(shu)進(jin)步，提(ti)高(gao)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)立體化、自動化、智能(neng)化水平，推進(jin)全國生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據聯(lian)網共(gong)享，開展(zhan)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據分析，實(shi)現生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)有效聯(lian)動。

　　三、生(sheng)態環境監測網絡建設的基本原則與主要目標

　　《方案》以鄧小平理(li)論、“三(san)個代表(biao)”重要(yao)思想、科學發展觀為指(zhi)導(dao)(dao)，深入貫徹習近平總書記系列重要(yao)講(jiang)話精神，全面(mian)落實黨的(de)十八(ba)大和十八(ba)屆(jie)二中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、三(san)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、四中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)全會(hui)精神，按照黨中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)、國(guo)務院(yuan)統(tong)一部署(shu)，落實《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人民共(gong)和國(guo)環境保(bao)護法(fa)》和《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)國(guo)務院(yuan)關于加快推進(jin)(jin)生態(tai)文明建設(she)的(de)意見》要(yao)求，堅持全面(mian)設(she)點、全國(guo)聯網、自動預警、依法(fa)追責，形成政府主導(dao)(dao)、部門(men)協同、社(she)會(hui)參與、公眾監(jian)督(du)的(de)生態(tai)環境監(jian)測新格局，為加快推進(jin)(jin)生態(tai)文明、建設(she)美麗中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)提供有力保(bao)障。

　　《方案(an)》提出，生態環境監測(ce)網絡(luo)建設要堅持“明晰(xi)事權、落實(shi)責任，健全制度、統籌規劃，科學監測(ce)、創新(xin)驅動，綜合集成、測(ce)管協同”的基本(ben)原(yuan)則。

　　生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測網(wang)(wang)絡建設(she)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)目標是(shi)：到2020年，全國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測網(wang)(wang)絡要(yao)基本實現環(huan)境(jing)(jing)質量、重點污染(ran)源、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)狀況監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測全覆蓋，各級各類(lei)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測數據系統(tong)互聯(lian)共(gong)享，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測預報預警、信息(xi)化能力(li)(li)和保障水平明顯提(ti)升，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測與監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管協同(tong)聯(lian)動，初步(bu)建成陸海統(tong)籌、天(tian)地一體、上下協同(tong)、信息(xi)共(gong)享的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測網(wang)(wang)絡，使生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測能力(li)(li)與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文明建設(she)要(yao)求相適應。全面做到說清(qing)(qing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)質量及變(bian)化趨勢、說清(qing)(qing)污染(ran)排(pai)放狀況、說清(qing)(qing)潛(qian)在(zai)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)風險(xian)，為加快推進生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文明、建設(she)美麗中國(guo)提(ti)供(gong)有力(li)(li)保障。

　　四、生態環境監測網絡建設的基本思路

　　(一(yi)(yi)(yi))統一(yi)(yi)(yi)生態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)建設(she)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)、標(biao)準規(gui)(gui)范(fan)。目前我(wo)國(guo)生態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)存在部門間環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)網絡規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)布局(ju)不統一(yi)(yi)(yi)，技術規(gui)(gui)范(fan)、評(ping)價(jia)方法不統一(yi)(yi)(yi)，數據缺(que)乏可比性。為此，《方案》明(ming)確(que)提出要(yao)(yao)按照(zhao)《環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保護法》要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保護部門會同有關部門統一(yi)(yi)(yi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)、整合(he)優化環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)點位(wei)，建設(she)涵(han)蓋大氣、水、土壤、噪聲(sheng)、輻(fu)射等要(yao)(yao)素(su)，布局(ju)合(he)理、功能完善(shan)的全國(guo)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)網絡。同時，要(yao)(yao)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)相關環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)要(yao)(yao)素(su)的布點、監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)和評(ping)價(jia)技術標(biao)準規(gui)(gui)范(fan)，并根據工作需要(yao)(yao)及(ji)時進行修訂完善(shan)。增強各(ge)部門生態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數據的可比性，確(que)保排污單位(wei)、各(ge)類監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)機構的監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)活動執行統一(yi)(yi)(yi)的技術標(biao)準規(gui)(gui)范(fan)。

　　(二)建設大(da)數(shu)據(ju)平(ping)臺，統(tong)(tong)一(yi)生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)信(xin)息發布。當前，國務院(yuan)有關部門之間(jian)、地方之間(jian)以及地方與中央之間(jian)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)集成聯網(wang)(wang)與共享不(bu)足，環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)信(xin)息發布渠道不(bu)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)等(deng)問(wen)題，影響(xiang)政府權威性和(he)公信(xin)力(li)(li)。為(wei)此，《方案》提出要加快生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)信(xin)息傳輸網(wang)(wang)絡與大(da)數(shu)據(ju)平(ping)臺建設，將國務院(yuan)相(xiang)關部門和(he)各地的生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)進行聯網(wang)(wang)共享，大(da)力(li)(li)加強數(shu)據(ju)資(zi)源的開發與應用。在信(xin)息發布方面，依法建立統(tong)(tong)一(yi)的生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)信(xin)息發布制度，實現生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)發布。

　　(三)突出(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)與(yu)(yu)(yu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)執法聯(lian)動(dong)(dong)。監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)和監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)是生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)保護的重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要支(zhi)撐(cheng)和手段。針(zhen)對當前監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)與(yu)(yu)(yu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)結(jie)(jie)合不緊密、對追究各級政府(fu)和企業相關生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)保護責任支(zhi)撐(cheng)不足的問(wen)題(ti)，《方案》提(ti)(ti)出(chu)要充分利用生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)結(jie)(jie)果考核問(wen)責政府(fu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保責任落實(shi)情(qing)況，依托重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)排污單位污染(ran)(ran)源(yuan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)建立監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)與(yu)(yu)(yu)執法相結(jie)(jie)合的快速響應體(ti)系，實(shi)現監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)與(yu)(yu)(yu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)有效聯(lian)動(dong)(dong)。同時(shi)，《方案》提(ti)(ti)出(chu)要加強自動(dong)(dong)預(yu)(yu)警(jing)，科學引導環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)管(guan)(guan)理與(yu)(yu)(yu)風險防范(fan)。主要包括，加強空氣、水、土壤(rang)等(deng)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)質量監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)預(yu)(yu)報(bao)預(yu)(yu)警(jing)。嚴密監(jian)(jian)(jian)控企業污染(ran)(ran)排放，完善重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)排污單位污染(ran)(ran)排放自動(dong)(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)與(yu)(yu)(yu)異常報(bao)警(jing)機(ji)制。提(ti)(ti)升生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)風險監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)評估(gu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)預(yu)(yu)警(jing)能力，建立生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保護紅線監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)平臺，對重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)功(gong)能區人(ren)類干擾、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)破壞等(deng)活動(dong)(dong)的監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)、評估(gu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)預(yu)(yu)警(jing)。

　　(四)明(ming)(ming)晰生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)事權(quan)(quan)與責(ze)任(ren)。當(dang)前各級政府(fu)、企業、社會(hui)的環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)事權(quan)(quan)劃分(fen)不夠清(qing)晰，存在(zai)責(ze)任(ren)落實不到位、監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)數據受行(xing)政干預(yu)的現象，對科(ke)學評價(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量(liang)(liang)、環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護目標考核等造(zao)成了一定的影響。因此，首(shou)先(xian)必須明(ming)(ming)確各級政府(fu)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)事權(quan)(quan)和責(ze)任(ren)，《方案》提出各級環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護部(bu)門主(zhu)要承擔生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)、重點(dian)污染源監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)、環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)執法(fa)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)、環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)應(ying)急與預(yu)報(bao)預(yu)警(jing)等職能(neng)。環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護部(bu)適度(du)上收(shou)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)事權(quan)(quan)，以準確掌握、客觀(guan)評價(jia)全國生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量(liang)(liang)總體狀(zhuang)況。地方各級環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護部(bu)門相應(ying)上收(shou)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)事權(quan)(quan)。第二(er)，要求(qiu)各級政府(fu)確定的重點(dian)排污單位必須落實污染排放自行(xing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)及信息公(gong)開的法(fa)定責(ze)任(ren)，政府(fu)要加強污染源監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督性監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)和監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管。第三，大力推(tui)動(dong)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)社會(hui)化服(fu)務(wu)(wu)，積極培育生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)市(shi)場，明(ming)(ming)確提出開放服(fu)務(wu)(wu)性監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)市(shi)場，并(bing)在(zai)基(ji)礎公(gong)益性監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)領(ling)域積極推(tui)進政府(fu)購買服(fu)務(wu)(wu)。同時，要求(qiu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護部(bu)制定相關政策和辦法(fa)，有序推(tui)進環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)社會(hui)化、制度(du)化、規范化。

　　(五(wu))加強(qiang)對(dui)各類生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管。針(zhen)對(dui)實(shi)際工作(zuo)中(zhong)，部(bu)(bu)分生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)不(bu)(bu)能嚴格履職、監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量不(bu)(bu)高以及責(ze)任追(zhui)究不(bu)(bu)到位等突出(chu)(chu)問題，《方(fang)案》在加強(qiang)對(dui)各類生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管方(fang)面提出(chu)(chu)了明確(que)措施和(he)要(yao)求。首先，各級相關部(bu)(bu)門(men)所屬生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)、從事環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)設(she)備運營(ying)維護的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)、社會環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)及其負(fu)責(ze)人要(yao)嚴格按照法律(lv)法規要(yao)求和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)技術(shu)規范履行(xing)職責(ze)，對(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)的(de)(de)真實(shi)性和(he)準確(que)性負(fu)責(ze)。第二，環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保護部(bu)(bu)要(yao)依法建立健全對(dui)不(bu)(bu)同類型(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)及從事環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)設(she)備運營(ying)維護機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管制度，制定環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)弄虛作(zuo)假處理辦(ban)法等規定。各級環(huan)(huan)(huan)保部(bu)(bu)門(men)要(yao)加大監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量核查巡查力度，加強(qiang)對(dui)各類生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)業務活動的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管，嚴肅查處故(gu)意違反環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)技術(shu)規范，篡(cuan)改、偽造監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)的(de)(de)行(xing)為。第三(san)，對(dui)于黨政領(ling)(ling)導干部(bu)(bu)指使篡(cuan)改、偽造監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)的(de)(de)，按照《黨政領(ling)(ling)導干部(bu)(bu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)損(sun)害責(ze)任追(zhui)究辦(ban)法(試(shi)行(xing))》的(de)(de)有關規定處理。

　　(六(liu))強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)化綜合(he)能(neng)力保(bao)障。加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)能(neng)力建設是(shi)改革任務落到實處(chu)的基(ji)礎(chu)保(bao)障。為此(ci)，《方案(an)》明確提出要提升生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)綜合(he)能(neng)力，包(bao)括：研究制定環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)機構編(bian)制標準，加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)隊伍建設，不斷(duan)提高監(jian)(jian)測(ce)人(ren)員綜合(he)素質和能(neng)力水平。完善(shan)(shan)與(yu)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)網絡(luo)發展需求相適(shi)應的財政保(bao)障機制，重(zhong)點加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)基(ji)礎(chu)能(neng)力建設，各級(ji)政府將生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)所需經(jing)費納(na)入財政預算重(zhong)點保(bao)障。完善(shan)(shan)環(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護監(jian)(jian)測(ce)崗位津貼政策(ce)。

　　五、《方案》的主要內(nei)容

　　《方案》包括6個(ge)部分共20條，3500余(yu)字。

　　引言部(bu)分鮮明地體(ti)現(xian)問題(ti)導向，點出了當(dang)前生態環境監測網絡存在的(de)突出問題(ti)和解決的(de)必要性和緊迫性。

　　第一至三條(tiao)是“總體要(yao)求”，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)明(ming)確《方案》的(de)指導思(si)想(xiang)、基本原則和(he)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)目標。按照明(ming)晰事權、落實責任，健全(quan)制(zhi)度(du)、統籌規劃，科(ke)學(xue)監(jian)測、創新驅動，綜合集成(cheng)、測管協(xie)同的(de)原則，提(ti)出到(dao)2020年，初步建成(cheng)陸海統籌、天地(di)一體、上下(xia)協(xie)同、信息(xi)共(gong)享的(de)生(sheng)態環境監(jian)測網絡，使生(sheng)態環境監(jian)測能力與(yu)生(sheng)態文(wen)明(ming)建設要(yao)求相適(shi)應。

　　第四至(zhi)十五條為《方案》的(de)任(ren)務措施部分，針對(dui)當前生態環境監測網(wang)絡(luo)建設(she)存在的(de)突(tu)出(chu)問(wen)題，提出(chu)全面設(she)點、全國聯網(wang)、自動預警(jing)、依法追責等(deng)四個(ge)方面的(de)任(ren)務。其中：

　　第四至六條是針對全(quan)面(mian)設(she)(she)點，提出了完(wan)善生態(tai)環(huan)境監測(ce)網(wang)絡的有關(guan)任(ren)務。主要包括：建立(li)統一(yi)的環(huan)境質(zhi)量監測(ce)網(wang)絡、健全(quan)重點污(wu)染源監測(ce)制度、加強生態(tai)監測(ce)系(xi)統建設(she)(she)等三方面(mian)的監測(ce)網(wang)絡建設(she)(she)內容。

　　第七(qi)至九條主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)針對全國聯網，提(ti)出要(yao)實(shi)現生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監測(ce)(ce)信(xin)息集成共(gong)享。主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括：建(jian)立生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監測(ce)(ce)數據集成共(gong)享機制、構建(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監測(ce)(ce)大數據平臺、統一發布(bu)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監測(ce)(ce)信(xin)息等三個層(ceng)面的任務(wu)。

　　第十至(zhi)十二條主(zhu)(zhu)要是針對自動(dong)預(yu)警，要達到(dao)科(ke)學引導環境(jing)(jing)管理與風險防范的(de)(de)目標。主(zhu)(zhu)要包(bao)括：加強環境(jing)(jing)質量監測預(yu)報預(yu)警、嚴密監控企業污染排放(fang)、提升生(sheng)態環境(jing)(jing)風險監測評估與預(yu)警能(neng)力等三個方面的(de)(de)措施。

　　第十(shi)三條至十(shi)五條是針對(dui)依法追(zhui)責(ze)，要建立(li)生(sheng)態環境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)與監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)聯動機制。主(zhu)要包括：為政府考核問責(ze)提供技術支(zhi)撐(cheng)、實現(xian)生(sheng)態環境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)與執法同步、加強(qiang)對(dui)各類生(sheng)態環境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)機構的監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)等三個方面的內(nei)容。

　　第十(shi)(shi)六條(tiao)至二十(shi)(shi)條(tiao)是為保(bao)(bao)證《方案》確(que)定(ding)的(de)任(ren)務順利實(shi)施，提出需建立健全的(de)相關(guan)制度和保(bao)(bao)障體系。主(zhu)要包括：健全生(sheng)態環(huan)境監(jian)測(ce)(ce)法律法規及標(biao)準規范體系、明確(que)生(sheng)態環(huan)境監(jian)測(ce)(ce)事權(quan)、積(ji)極培(pei)育生(sheng)態環(huan)境監(jian)測(ce)(ce)市場、強(qiang)化監(jian)測(ce)(ce)科技創(chuang)新能力、提升生(sheng)態監(jian)測(ce)(ce)綜(zong)合能力等五個方面保(bao)(bao)障措施。

　　結尾部分主要強(qiang)調了(le)地方各級(ji)人民政府要加強(qiang)對生態(tai)環境監測網(wang)絡建設(she)改革的組織(zhi)領(ling)導(dao)，制(zhi)定具體工(gong)作方案(an)，明(ming)確職責分工(gong)，保證各項改革任務落(luo)到實(shi)處。

　　六(liu)、認真(zhen)做好《方案(an)》的落實工作

　　國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)相(xiang)關部門和(he)各級環保部門應高(gao)度重視生(sheng)態環境監(jian)(jian)測網絡建(jian)設工作，深(shen)入學習領(ling)會《方(fang)案(an)》內容，認真落實《方(fang)案(an)》提出的(de)目標任務(wu)，加快建(jian)成統一、完善(shan)、權威(wei)、高(gao)效(xiao)的(de)生(sheng)態環境監(jian)(jian)測網絡，為建(jian)設生(sheng)態文明和(he)美麗中國(guo)提供堅強(qiang)的(de)支撐(cheng)與保障(zhang)。當(dang)前要重點從以下(xia)幾個(ge)方(fang)面著手，抓好(hao)《方(fang)案(an)》的(de)落實工作：

　　(一)做好《方(fang)案》內(nei)容任務的分解工作(zuo)。分別制定國務院相關(guan)部門和環保(bao)部內(nei)各司局的任務分解表，將《方(fang)案》提出的任務逐(zhu)條落實(shi)到責任部門。

　　(二)制定(ding)《方案(an)》實施計劃(hua)。根據《方案(an)》提出的目(mu)標(biao)(biao)任務，制定(ding)具體的實施計劃(hua)(2016-2020年)，確保如期完成任務，達到目(mu)標(biao)(biao)。

　　(三)明確劃(hua)(hua)(hua)分各級政府(fu)和企(qi)業環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)事權。明確政府(fu)所屬監(jian)測(ce)(ce)機(ji)構主(zhu)要承(cheng)擔(dan)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)、重(zhong)點污染(ran)(ran)源監(jian)督監(jian)測(ce)(ce)、環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)執法(fa)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)、環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)應急與預報預警等職(zhi)能，其他服務性監(jian)測(ce)(ce)可向(xiang)市場開(kai)放(fang)，由社會(hui)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)機(ji)構承(cheng)擔(dan)。中央政府(fu)根據(ju)事權劃(hua)(hua)(hua)分，建設(she)并運行(xing)國(guo)家環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)網;地方政府(fu)根據(ju)事權劃(hua)(hua)(hua)分，建設(she)并運行(xing)地方環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)網。排(pai)污企(qi)業要按照(zhao)《環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)法(fa)》要求嚴格落實污染(ran)(ran)排(pai)放(fang)自行(xing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)及信息公開(kai)的主(zhu)體責任。國(guo)家和地方建立污染(ran)(ran)源監(jian)測(ce)(ce)數據(ju)共享與發布(bu)機(ji)制(zhi)，重(zhong)點排(pai)污單位要按照(zhao)環(huan)(huan)保(bao)部門(men)要求將自行(xing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)結果統一上傳發布(bu)。

　　(四)建立(li)統一(yi)的環境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)技術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)和評價方法。對現(xian)(xian)有的大氣、水、土壤、生態、近岸海域等監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)技術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)進行現(xian)(xian)狀梳理、需求分析，列出需要(yao)修訂完善(shan)的清單，抓緊(jin)開展(zhan)修制訂工作(zuo)，力(li)爭統一(yi)各有關部門(men)的環境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)標(biao)準規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)，努力(li)推進各類環境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)機(ji)構的監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)活(huo)動執行統一(yi)的技術(shu)標(biao)準規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)。

　　(五)逐(zhu)步健(jian)全環境(jing)監測(ce)法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規(gui)。盡快出臺環境(jing)監測(ce)條例、國(guo)家環境(jing)質量監測(ce)網(wang)絡(luo)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦法(fa)(fa)、國(guo)家環境(jing)監測(ce)信息發布管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)規(gui)定等(deng)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)、制度(du)，使各項(xiang)改(gai)革的舉措固化(hua)為(wei)法(fa)(fa)律和制度(du)規(gui)定，使改(gai)革工作有法(fa)(fa)可(ke)依，有章可(ke)循，扎實推進。

　　(六)開展(zhan)環境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)標準(zhun)化建(jian)設。會同中編(bian)辦開展(zhan)環境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)機構(gou)標準(zhun)化建(jian)設工(gong)作，實現環境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)機構(gou)“四個規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)”，即：規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)單(dan)(dan)位屬性，明(ming)確為(wei)公(gong)益(yi)性事業單(dan)(dan)位;規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)職(zhi)能定(ding)位，明(ming)確各(ge)級(ji)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)機構(gou)的(de)具體職(zhi)能;規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)編(bian)制管理，明(ming)確編(bian)制標準(zhun)和(he)人(ren)員結(jie)構(gou);規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)經費保障，各(ge)級(ji)財政部門要(yao)充分保障人(ren)員和(he)運行經費。