檢(jian)測機(ji)(ji)構(gou)作(zuo)為質檢(jian)戰線的(de)(de)排頭兵，其檢(jian)驗(yan)結果(guo)是人們衡量(liang)產(chan)品質量(liang)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要標準，隨著社會(hui)(hui)經濟的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，檢(jian)驗(yan)結果(guo)科學性、公正性、準確性的(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)影響力越來越大，有(you)些檢(jian)驗(yan)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)的(de)(de)檢(jian)驗(yan)結果(guo)已被國(guo)際經濟組(zu)織認可，在我國(guo)對外經濟貿易中發(fa)揮了重(zhong)(zhong)要作(zuo)用，因此(ci)，加強對檢(jian)測機(ji)(ji)構(gou)自身的(de)(de)風險(xian)防(fang)范工作(zuo)就顯(xian)得尤為重(zhong)(zhong)要。那檢(jian)測機(ji)(ji)構(gou)在檢(jian)測過程中存在的(de)(de)風險(xian)到底有(you)哪些風險(xian)呢?

　　一、超(chao)能(neng)力范圍檢驗

　　按照《計量法(fa)》規(gui)定，對社會出具具有證明作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)數據實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)必(bi)須經過(guo)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)資質(zhi)(zhi)認定(計量認證)和(或)CNAS認可(ke)，而資質(zhi)(zhi)認定和(或)CNAS認可(ke)是限定實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力范(fan)圍的(de)(de)，實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)只能(neng)(neng)(neng)在能(neng)(neng)(neng)力范(fan)圍限定的(de)(de)產(chan)品(參數)范(fan)圍內(nei)出具帶(dai)相應標(biao)識的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)報(bao)告，檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)使用(yong)的(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)不(bu)在能(neng)(neng)(neng)力范(fan)圍者，我們稱之為超范(fan)圍檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。國家質(zhi)(zhi)檢(jian)(jian)總局發布執行的(de)(de)《產(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)督抽查(cha)管理(li)辦(ban)法(fa)》、《產(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)量檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機構工作(zuo)質(zhi)(zhi)量分類監(jian)管辦(ban)法(fa)》以及其他規(gui)定中(zhong)也(ye)都明確規(gui)定實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)不(bu)得超能(neng)(neng)(neng)力范(fan)圍開展檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)工作(zuo)，但在實(shi)際工作(zuo)過(guo)程中(zhong)，個別(bie)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機構超能(neng)(neng)(neng)力范(fan)圍檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)情況時(shi)有發生。超范(fan)圍檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)主要有三種(zhong)形(xing)式:

　　1、故意超能力范(fan)圍(wei)檢驗

　　實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)或實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)中個(ge)(ge)別(bie)人(ren)員為(wei)滿足客戶要求，為(wei)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)爭取經濟利益(yi)，對(dui)(dui)不在(zai)能(neng)力(li)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內的(de)(de)(de)產品開展檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)工作，出具(ju)(ju)帶(dai)標識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)報(bao)告(gao);或實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)人(ren)員以為(wei)采用標準中的(de)(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)別(bie)標準在(zai)能(neng)力(li)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內，誤將(jiang)(jiang)產品進行檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)并出具(ju)(ju)帶(dai)標識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)報(bao)告(gao)。 近年來，質檢(jian)(jian)總局、認監(jian)委、省市質監(jian)局對(dui)(dui)超(chao)(chao)能(neng)力(li)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)檢(jian)(jian)測的(de)(de)(de)處罰都非常嚴(yan)厲(li)，甚(shen)至(zhi)停止個(ge)(ge)別(bie)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)測活動。因此(ci)，實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)應將(jiang)(jiang)超(chao)(chao)能(neng)力(li)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)檢(jian)(jian)測的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)果向每一位員工宣(xuan)傳，不能(neng)為(wei)經濟利益(yi)或所謂的(de)(de)(de)為(wei)企業著想而故(gu)意(yi)超(chao)(chao)能(neng)力(li)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)檢(jian)(jian)測;同時實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)還(huan)應認真(zhen)梳理實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)，對(dui)(dui)確實(shi)(shi)有設備、具(ju)(ju)備檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)能(neng)力(li)而不在(zai)能(neng)力(li)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內的(de)(de)(de)標準，應盡快進行擴項，提高(gao)為(wei)企業服務的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)。

　　2、標準變更后未及時進(jin)行能力確(que)認

　　近年來，不管(guan)是產品標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)還(huan)是方(fang)法標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)變(bian)更非常頻繁。按(an)照實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)資質(zhi)(zhi)認(ren)定評審準(zhun)(zhun)則(ze)的(de)規定，實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)使用的(de)文件必須是現(xian)行(xing)(xing)有效(xiao)的(de)，因此，實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)不能使用作廢(fei)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)開展(zhan)檢(jian)測工作。實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)采用新(xin)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)開展(zhan)工作，則(ze)必須及時到(dao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)資質(zhi)(zhi)認(ren)定和/或CNAS認(ren)可的(de)發證機構進(jin)行(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)變(bian)更。目前，有的(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)怕麻煩(fan)，往往等到(dao)復評審或監督(du)評審時才進(jin)行(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)變(bian)更。在新(xin)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)開始實(shi)(shi)(shi)施到(dao)通過實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)復評審或監督(du)評審之間(jian)如果(guo)按(an)新(xin)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)開展(zhan)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)工作，則(ze)是超范圍檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)。

　　還有(you)一種(zhong)(zhong)隱性超能(neng)力范圍(wei)的(de)(de)情(qing)形。實(shi)(shi)驗室通過的(de)(de)檢(jian)驗能(neng)力范圍(wei)時，實(shi)(shi)際隱含的(de)(de)意(yi)思是包括產品標(biao)準(zhun)中引用(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)也通過實(shi)(shi)驗室評(ping)審。當其(qi)引用(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)出現標(biao)準(zhun)變(bian)更尤(you)其(qi)是檢(jian)驗方(fang)法、環(huan)境設施有(you)實(shi)(shi)際變(bian)化的(de)(de)情(qing)況下，其(qi)產品檢(jian)驗的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際檢(jian)驗能(neng)力有(you)可能(neng)出現變(bian)化。這種(zhong)(zhong)變(bian)化，可能(neng)會導致實(shi)(shi)驗室不能(neng)按現行有(you)效標(biao)準(zhun)正常(chang)開(kai)展檢(jian)驗工作。我(wo)們把這種(zhong)(zhong)變(bian)化稱之為“隱性的(de)(de)”超范圍(wei)檢(jian)驗。

　　由于(yu)標(biao)(biao)準變更(geng)后需要重新(xin)進行能力確認(ren)，個別實驗(yan)室怕麻(ma)煩，往(wang)往(wang)會等到(dao)監督評審或復評審時才(cai)進行確認(ren)，從而(er)導(dao)致(zhi)超能力范圍檢(jian)驗(yan)。因此，實驗(yan)室應(ying)(ying)關注和(he)避(bi)免這(zhe)種情況(kuang)的(de)(de)發生，在(zai)能力未(wei)確認(ren)前(qian)，不得(de)使(shi)用(yong)新(xin)標(biao)(biao)準開展(zhan)檢(jian)驗(yan)。對于(yu)產品標(biao)(biao)準中引用(yong)標(biao)(biao)準的(de)(de)變更(geng)，實驗(yan)室更(geng)應(ying)(ying)關注，以免采(cai)用(yong)作廢(fei)標(biao)(biao)準開展(zhan)檢(jian)驗(yan)而(er)造成檢(jian)驗(yan)結(jie)果的(de)(de)誤(wu)判和(he)可能帶來的(de)(de)檢(jian)驗(yan)風險(xian)。

　　3、亂(luan)用CNAS、CMA、CAL標識

　　很多實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)通(tong)過(guo)了CNAS認(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)(ke)，也通(tong)過(guo)了實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)資質認(ren)(ren)定，而這兩個(ge)認(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)(ke)不在同一(yi)時(shi)(shi)間進行認(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)(ke)，當申請(qing)擴項(xiang)或標準(zhun)變更時(shi)(shi)，往(wang)往(wang)是一(yi)個(ge)通(tong)過(guo)了，而另一(yi)個(ge)還要過(guo)段時(shi)(shi)間才認(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)(ke)。有部(bu)分(fen)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)尤其是部(bu)分(fen)中(zhong)小實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)，取得(de)能力范圍(wei)以CMA和(he)CAL為主，CNAS的(de)能力范圍(wei)很小，而檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)報告的(de)封(feng)面一(yi)般(ban)是將幾個(ge)檢測標識均直接印(yin)在封(feng)面上，這使得(de)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)誤(wu)用標識。因此(ci)，實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)應按(an)通(tong)過(guo)的(de)能力范圍(wei)分(fen)別印(yin)制檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)封(feng)面，按(an)規定使用。

　　二、設備及環境設施不(bu)能滿足標(biao)準要求

　　設(she)備(bei)及(ji)環境設(she)施是(shi)實驗室開展檢驗的(de)必備(bei)工具，設(she)備(bei)及(ji)環境設(she)施是(shi)否滿(man)足標準，將(jiang)直接影響數(shu)據(ju)的(de)準確性，對檢驗結果和(he)判定有重大(da)影響。設(she)備(bei)及(ji)環境設(she)施不(bu)能滿(man)足要(yao)求的(de)原因主(zhu)要(yao)有：

　　1、量值溯源(yuan)未(wei)按(an)規定

　　儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)設備(bei)的(de)(de)量值溯(su)源是保(bao)證(zheng)其測量準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)確性的(de)(de)主要(yao)手(shou)段之一，按照實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)資質(zhi)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)評審準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)則要(yao)求(qiu)，儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)設備(bei)使(shi)用(yong)前應經(jing)過檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)或校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，必(bi)要(yao)時，在二次檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)或校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)之間(jian)應進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)期間(jian)核查(cha)，以保(bao)證(zheng)數(shu)據的(de)(de)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)確性。但(dan)部(bu)分(fen)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)未(wei)按規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)將儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)送計量部(bu)門(men)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)或校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，造成(cheng)儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)失準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，還有(you)個(ge)別檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)/校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)不經(jing)檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)/校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)就出(chu)具(ju)證(zheng)書。實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)內經(jing)常會(hui)有(you)儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)設備(bei)是沒有(you)檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)規(gui)程或校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)方法，計量部(bu)門(men)往(wang)往(wang)圖省事，僅對儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)計量器(qi)(qi)具(ju)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)或校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，而其總體設備(bei)是否合(he)格則不做綜(zong)合(he)判(pan)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，使(shi)得(de)設備(bei)顯示的(de)(de)數(shu)據是否準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)確不得(de)而知。如果此時不采(cai)用(yong)能(neng)力(li)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)或實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)比對的(de)(de)方法對儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)，則會(hui)帶(dai)來很大的(de)(de)風險。

　　2、設備精度(du)下降

　　有的(de)檢驗(yan)機(ji)構，尤其(qi)是中小型檢驗(yan)機(ji)構，由于資金的(de)不足，使(shi)得設(she)(she)備(bei)長(chang)期服役，得不到及時更(geng)新。由于設(she)(she)備(bei)使(shi)用(yong)年限過長(chang)，或使(shi)用(yong)環境(jing)惡劣(lie)，設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)精度下(xia)降，檢驗(yan)數據(ju)的(de)可(ke)信(xin)度下(xia)降。因此，實(shi)驗(yan)室應及時更(geng)新設(she)(she)備(bei)，當設(she)(she)備(bei)一時不能更(geng)新，應增加校準(zhun)的(de)頻次、做期間(jian)核查、采用(yong)實(shi)驗(yan)室間(jian)比對或設(she)(she)備(bei)間(jian)比對等方式(shi)驗(yan)證設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)，以保證檢測數據(ju)準(zhun)確可(ke)靠(kao)。

　　3、環境設施不(bu)符合標準要(yao)求

　　很(hen)(hen)多試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)對(dui)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)設(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)要求是很(hen)(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)，對(dui)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)結果的(de)(de)(de)影響很(hen)(hen)大，但部(bu)(bu)分檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)構(gou)對(dui)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)設(she)施(shi)不是很(hen)(hen)重視，不能很(hen)(hen)好地滿(man)足(zu)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)要求。如：水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)養護，水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)規定為(wei)(20±1)℃，超(chao)(chao)出(chu)標(biao)準(zhun)規定的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)范圍，尤其是超(chao)(chao)出(chu)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)較多時，對(dui)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)結果影響就會很(hen)(hen)大。而我們(men)在評審中發現，部(bu)(bu)分水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室中，水(shui)(shui)(shui)養護都是在水(shui)(shui)(shui)池中進行，水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低了(le)(le)加(jia)熱水(shui)(shui)(shui)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)高了(le)(le)加(jia)冷水(shui)(shui)(shui)，這樣的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)控方式無(wu)法保證(zheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)控制精度(du)(du)(du)(du)，其養護后的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)測數據也(ye)是不準(zhun)確的(de)(de)(de)。因此，對(dui)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)設(she)施(shi)要求高的(de)(de)(de)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室應確保檢(jian)測的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)設(she)施(shi)符合標(biao)準(zhun)要求。

　　三(san)、檢測過程質量(liang)缺(que)乏有效控制(zhi)

　　由于檢測過程不(bu)規范而產生的檢驗結論不(bu)正確或數據不(bu)準確也(ye)時(shi)有發生，主(zhu)要表(biao)現(xian)在：

　　1、檢驗和計算粗心大意

　　檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)是一(yi)個需要專注的(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)，稍有疏忽(hu)，就容易出(chu)現差(cha)錯(cuo)。而(er)隨(sui)著手(shou)機(ji)的(de)(de)普(pu)及，檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)過程(cheng)(cheng)中，檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)人員(yuan)在檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)或檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)后的(de)(de)數據(ju)計(ji)算過程(cheng)(cheng)中接(jie)聽(ting)手(shou)機(ji)的(de)(de)現象非常普(pu)遍(bian)，如此以及其(qi)他的(de)(de)粗心造成檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)失(shi)誤的(de)(de)案例也時(shi)有發生。檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)和計(ji)算過程(cheng)(cheng)中粗心大(da)意造成的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)失(shi)誤雖不常見，但一(yi)旦(dan)出(chu)現這種(zhong)情況(kuang)，將直接(jie)導(dao)致檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)結果(guo)出(chu)現差(cha)錯(cuo)。

　　2、對可(ke)疑數據不敏(min)感

　　一(yi)(yi)(yi)般而言，每(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種物(wu)質(zhi)都有(you)其自(zi)身(shen)特性，其檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數據(ju)應在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定范圍，如，苯板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)熱系(xi)數不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)為0，采用(yong)不(bu)(bu)同鋁合金建(jian)筑型材和普通單層玻(bo)璃的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑外(wai)窗(chuang)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)達到保溫窗(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求等等。當檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)人(ren)員(yuan)或檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)報告(gao)的(de)(de)(de)批(pi)準人(ren)員(yuan)發現不(bu)(bu)符合一(yi)(yi)(yi)般規律的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)疑(yi)數據(ju)時，應對可(ke)(ke)疑(yi)數據(ju)進行復核(he)，并查清是(shi)(shi)否儀器設備有(you)問題或檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)人(ren)員(yuan)操作失誤。能(neng)夠正確判斷數據(ju)是(shi)(shi)否可(ke)(ke)疑(yi)，是(shi)(shi)建(jian)立(li)在(zai)(zai)對被(bei)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)產品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)論和檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)實(shi)踐有(you)大量積累的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)，這也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個成熟的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)人(ren)員(yuan)，檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)報告(gao)審核(he)、批(pi)準人(ren)員(yuan)應有(you)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)素質(zhi)，沒有(you)長(chang)期訓練，是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)敏(min)感地(di)察覺檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)數據(ju)可(ke)(ke)疑(yi)的(de)(de)(de)。

　　3、臨界(jie)值的處(chu)理有偏差

　　在(zai)檢驗(yan)過(guo)程中，由于(yu)(yu)測(ce)量不(bu)確(que)(que)定度的(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)，可能會導致檢驗(yan)項(xiang)目在(zai)臨界(jie)值(zhi)的(de)(de)判斷時有偏差。例如：涂層厚度，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)普(pu)通裝飾用鋁塑板(ban)，由于(yu)(yu)涂層厚度相對(dui)較小，測(ce)量時“0”點的(de)(de)精確(que)(que)校準對(dui)于(yu)(yu)處在(zai)標準規定的(de)(de)臨界(jie)狀態的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品而(er)言顯得尤(you)為重要。如果(guo)用普(pu)通標準基板(ban)進行(xing)調(diao)0，則可能出(chu)現(xian)(1～2)um的(de)(de)偏差，這將可能導致產(chan)(chan)品由“合格”滑向“不(bu)合格”邊緣。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)普(pu)通裝飾用鋁塑板(ban)，可以將產(chan)(chan)品除去涂層，在(zai)其裸(luo)露的(de)(de)基材上(shang)進行(xing)調(diao)0，以保(bao)證結(jie)(jie)果(guo)的(de)(de)準確(que)(que)客觀(guan)性。因此，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)有臨界(jie)值(zhi)的(de)(de)檢驗(yan)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)，應組(zu)織由不(bu)同檢驗(yan)人(ren)員或(huo)者(zhe)儀器設備進行(xing)多(duo)次的(de)(de)比對(dui)試驗(yan)，確(que)(que)保(bao)檢驗(yan)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)科學公正。

　　4、對標準理解有(you)偏差

　　檢(jian)(jian)驗是一項很嚴謹的(de)工作，個別檢(jian)(jian)驗人員對(dui)于(yu)標準的(de)理解和使用不正確(que)也直接影(ying)響了檢(jian)(jian)驗結果的(de)準確(que)性。例(li)如：氟(fu)碳涂層(ceng)(ceng)普(pu)通(tong)裝(zhuang)飾板檢(jian)(jian)測，GB/T 22412-2008規定，對(dui)于(yu)氟(fu)碳涂層(ceng)(ceng)普(pu)通(tong)裝(zhuang)飾用鋁塑板，其涂層(ceng)(ceng)性能的(de)檢(jian)(jian)測應按照GB/T 17748-2008進行。試驗中往往容(rong)易(yi)將(jiang)“普(pu)通(tong)裝(zhuang)飾用”的(de)概念先入為主(zhu)，而忽略了“其為氟(fu)碳涂層(ceng)(ceng)”的(de)事實，導致(zhi)采用檢(jian)(jian)驗標準不正確(que)，最(zui)終導致(zhi)檢(jian)(jian)驗結果失效。

　　5、新(xin)上崗檢驗員缺乏有效監督(du)

　　近年(nian)來，許多檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機構開(kai)展了新(xin)一(yi)輪的擴張，使得有經驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)人員(yuan)(yuan)嚴(yan)重缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)，個別實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)新(xin)進人員(yuan)(yuan)僅(jin)僅(jin)通過幾個月的培訓就(jiu)上(shang)(shang)崗開(kai)展檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)工作，這(zhe)類(lei)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan)對檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)不太熟練，對異常數據缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)敏感(gan)，而(er)又(you)對這(zhe)類(lei)人員(yuan)(yuan)缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)有效的監督，使得他們(men)出現錯誤的可能性遠遠超過成熟員(yuan)(yuan)工。因此，使用經驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)不足而(er)又(you)缺(que)少監督的新(xin)上(shang)(shang)崗檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan)，潛在風險較大(da)。因此，要(yao)按照實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)資質(zhi)認定評(ping)審準則(ze)的要(yao)求，對使用在培人員(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)有足夠的監督。實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)在使用新(xin)上(shang)(shang)崗人員(yuan)(yuan)或轉崗人員(yuan)(yuan)時，除應(ying)考(kao)核上(shang)(shang)崗外，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)時實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)監督員(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)加強監督，防止出現檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)失誤。

　　四、檢驗原始記錄不規范(fan)缺少可追溯(su)性

　　檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)原(yuan)始記錄不(bu)規范，雖然不(bu)會(hui)改變檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)結果，但原(yuan)始記錄是(shi)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)過程的證明(ming)材料(liao)，一旦實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室與(yu)檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)委托(tuo)方或相關第(di)三方發生糾紛時，檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)原(yuan)始記錄就不(bu)能(neng)起(qi)到(dao)證據的作(zuo)用，將實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室置于(yu)危險境(jing)地。每個(ge)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室都會(hui)按實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室資質(zhi)認(ren)定評審(shen)準則的規定，制訂自己的記錄管(guan)理規定，但個(ge)別實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室不(bu)能(neng)很好(hao)地執行，表現在：

　　1、檢驗(yan)樣品的準(zhun)備(bei)、處置和制(zhi)備(bei)記錄不(bu)全?

　　檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)原(yuan)始(shi)記錄(lu)最(zui)基本的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)是將(jiang)觀察(cha)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)情況、數據加(jia)以記錄(lu)，這里(li)指的(de)(de)(de)觀察(cha)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)情況包括從樣(yang)品的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)(bei)、處置(zhi)(zhi)和制備(bei)(bei)開始(shi)到(dao)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)結束所觀察(cha)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)往往對檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)觀察(cha)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)情況記錄(lu)比較詳細，但對樣(yang)品的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)(bei)、處置(zhi)(zhi)和制備(bei)(bei)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，如樣(yang)品在恒溫恒濕間的(de)(de)(de)等溫過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)泥的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)養護(hu)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)等過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)記錄(lu)不(bu)全(quan)，甚(shen)至不(bu)予記錄(lu)。按照(zhao)“實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)記錄(lu)應及(ji)時(shi)(shi)、準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)、完整”的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)樣(yang)品的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)(bei)、處置(zhi)(zhi)和制備(bei)(bei)，也是檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，也應及(ji)時(shi)(shi)、準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)、完整地加(jia)以記錄(lu)，同時(shi)(shi)，對檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)員要加(jia)強(qiang)教育，要有完整準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)地記錄(lu)原(yuan)始(shi)記錄(lu)的(de)(de)(de)意識。

　　2、引用數據缺(que)少可追溯性

　　檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)后的(de)(de)(de)計算過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)往往需(xu)要(yao)引(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)一(yi)些常(chang)數(shu)或系數(shu)。所有(you)引(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)都應(ying)(ying)有(you)出(chu)處，常(chang)數(shu)主(zhu)要(yao)是標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)給出(chu)，系數(shu)則(ze)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)前作出(chu)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)后得(de)出(chu)，標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)不(bu)是做出(chu)一(yi)次后永遠使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)，而是應(ying)(ying)定期做標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)，因此(ci)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)時，應(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)附上本次檢(jian)測使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)或注明(ming)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)編號。而有(you)的(de)(de)(de)實驗(yan)(yan)室在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)時，并不(bu)將標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)附在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)注明(ming)出(chu)處，使(shi)(shi)其引(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)不(bu)具有(you)可追(zhui)溯(su)性。因此(ci)，檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)人員在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)時，應(ying)(ying)將引(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)附在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，或將引(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)編號在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)注明(ming)，使(shi)(shi)得(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)引(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)具有(you)可追(zhui)溯(su)性。

　　3、從(cong)筆記(ji)本上轉抄檢驗記(ji)錄

　　檢(jian)驗原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)是原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)的(de)(de)觀察(cha)記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)，應該(gai)在(zai)(zai)觀察(cha)時實時記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)，有(you)些檢(jian)驗員(yuan)出于(yu)(yu)自己保留數據(ju)的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)，也(ye)有(you)些檢(jian)驗員(yuan)出于(yu)(yu)保持(chi)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)干凈整潔的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)，養成了將原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)先記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)筆記(ji)(ji)本上，過后再(zai)轉抄到格(ge)(ge)式(shi)化(hua)的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)上。因(yin)此，實驗室(shi)有(you)必要要求檢(jian)驗人員(yuan)將記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)及時記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)受控的(de)(de)格(ge)(ge)式(shi)化(hua)的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)表(biao)式(shi)中，不得(de)先記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)筆記(ji)(ji)本上然后轉抄到格(ge)(ge)式(shi)化(hua)的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)上。

　　五、檢驗(yan)報告(gao)編制過程(cheng)的(de)失誤

　　檢(jian)驗(yan)報告(gao)是檢(jian)驗(yan)機構交(jiao)給(gei)客(ke)戶的(de)最終產(chan)品，因(yin)此檢(jian)驗(yan)報告(gao)質量也應該(gai)是實驗(yan)室重點關(guan)注的(de)內容之一。檢(jian)驗(yan)報告(gao)的(de)錯誤通常有以下兩種表(biao)現：

　　1、報告(gao)編制錯誤

　　檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)報告(gao)編(bian)制人員在(zai)編(bian)制檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)報告(gao)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，經常會(hui)因(yin)為疏忽出現(xian)輸(shu)入性錯誤，如:技術要(yao)求、實測數據、單項判定等(deng)(deng)文字或數字輸(shu)入錯誤，造(zao)成誤判;委托檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)日(ri)(ri)期(qi)、樣品生產日(ri)(ri)期(qi)、檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)日(ri)(ri)期(qi)等(deng)(deng)日(ri)(ri)期(qi)輸(shu)入錯誤，造(zao)成時間(jian)邏輯(ji)上(shang)的問題(ti)。當前，絕(jue)大多數實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室都采用業(ye)務管(guan)理(li)網絡系(xi)(xi)統(tong)編(bian)制檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)報告(gao)，對(dui)于時間(jian)邏輯(ji)上(shang)的問題(ti)，可(ke)以通過在(zai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)上(shang)進(jin)行(xing)時間(jian)關聯提醒設置(zhi)，對(dui)不(bu)符合邏輯(ji)的時間(jian)進(jin)行(xing)提醒，可(ke)有效防止時間(jian)邏輯(ji)錯誤;對(dui)其他輸(shu)入性錯誤，則(ze)要(yao)通過加強報告(gao)編(bian)制人員和審核(he)、批準人員的責任心來解決。

　　2、非(fei)授權人簽字

　　按照實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室資質認定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)要求，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)報(bao)告(gao)的(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)發(fa)應(ying)由授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)字(zi)(zi)人(ren)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)發(fa)。授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)字(zi)(zi)人(ren)應(ying)對(dui)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測技術、結果評定(ding)、設備(bei)維護校準、記錄和報(bao)告(gao)核查程序等(deng)非常(chang)熟悉，因(yin)此，授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)字(zi)(zi)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)(li)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)、試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)地址范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)是有(you)限(xian)制的(de)(de)(de)。在實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室運作(zuo)過(guo)(guo)程中，部(bu)分非授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)字(zi)(zi)人(ren)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)發(fa)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)報(bao)告(gao)，或授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)字(zi)(zi)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)了(le)解自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)字(zi)(zi)能(neng)力(li)(li)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)或試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)地址范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)，超(chao)越授(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)發(fa)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)報(bao)告(gao)，造成檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)報(bao)告(gao)的(de)(de)(de)錯誤。這種超(chao)越能(neng)力(li)(li)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)批準檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)報(bao)告(gao)，違反了(le)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室標識使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)，會(hui)使(shi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)報(bao)告(gao)失去法律效(xiao)力(li)(li)。可(ke)以說檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)是無處不(bu)(bu)(bu)在的(de)(de)(de)，其風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅僅局限(xian)于本文綜上所述，然而我們不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)因(yin)為(wei)有(you)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)就不(bu)(bu)(bu)開展檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)活(huo)動，而是應(ying)該通過(guo)(guo)對(dui)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)(guo)程風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)點的(de)(de)(de)分析研究，找出有(you)效(xiao)對(dui)策，從而最終降低自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。

　　總 結：

　　當前，我國(guo)質量(liang)安全(quan)形(xing)勢依然嚴(yan)峻，質量(liang)安全(quan)風(feng)險(xian)依然存在，作為(wei)檢(jian)驗(yan)機構(gou)必須堅決貫徹國(guo)家(jia)質檢(jian)總(zong)局有關文(wen)件精神(shen)，全(quan)面落實風(feng)險(xian)防范工作，提(ti)高(gao)每一(yi)名員工的檢(jian)驗(yan)檢(jian)測風(feng)險(xian)防范意識，通(tong)過(guo)對(dui)全(quan)過(guo)程監控和(he)嚴(yan)格責(ze)任(ren)追究制(zhi)，提(ti)高(gao)檢(jian)驗(yan)檢(jian)測工作質量(liang)水(shui)平，更好地(di)為(wei)推進“質量(liang)強(qiang)國(guo)”發(fa)揮檢(jian)驗(yan)機構(gou)的技術支撐作用。